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RINT ED ST. DARFIS T
^ sOLD BY B AND J. WHITE, FLEET-STREET.
PARDON 7 o
M.DCC,XCIV.
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|
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GU N 1 LE M + S
I. 1: E Hiflery and Defcriptions of four new Species of Pha-
lena. By the late Mr. John Beckwith, F. L. S. Page
Il, Remarks on Scolopendra eleëtrica, and Sc. fubterranea. By
George Shaw, M. D. F. R, S. and L. S. so p
IIL Remarks on the Abbé Wulfen s Deftriptions of Lichens ; pub-
lifbed among bis rare Plants of Carinthia, in Profefor Facquin's
Collectanea, Vol. Y. 112. By James Edward Smith, M. D.
ER. S. and P. d à — o
IV. Account of the Gizzard of the Shell called by Linneus Bulla
lignaria, addreffed to the Prefident. By Mr. George Hum-
phrey, 4. L. S. . p.
V. Account of the Difference of Structure in the Flowers of fix
Species of Paffflora. By Mr. James Sowerby, 4. L. 5. p.
VL. Defcriptions of two new Britifh Fuci, By Thomas Jenkinfon
Woodward, E/g. F. L. S.
A 2 M in
IO
I5
19
29
An
iv GO N-TI-EN T &
VII. An Effay towards an Hiftory of tbe Britifh Stellated Lyco-
perdons: being an Account of fuch Species as have been found
` inthe Neighbourhood of Bungay, in Suffolk. By Thomas Jen-
kinfon Woodward, £E/;. È. L. S. P.
VII. A new Arrangement of Papilios, in a Letter to tbe Prefident.
By Mr. William Jones, F. L. S. P.
IX. Defcriptions of feveral Species of Pancratium. By Richard
Anthony Salifbury, Er F. L .S. P.
X. Some Account of tbe Mu » Pumilionis of eo 5 dua of tbe.
Syf. Nature. By William Markwick, Efg. F. L. S. With
additional Remarks by T. Marfham, Eg. Sec. L. S. P.
XI. Defcription of Pafpalum ficloniferum. By Mr. Lewis Bofc,
JAM BR p.
CÓ €
XII. Obfervations on the Siruciure. and Qeconomy of fome curious
Species of Aranea “By-Mr- Dorthes, F. M. L. S ` P.
32
79
XIII. Account of the Germination and Raïfing of Ferns from the |
Seed. By Mr. John Lindfay, Surgeon in Jamaica. Com-
municated by Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. and
H. M. L. 5. p.
XIV. Additional Obfere ations relating to Fe fuca Pa and
—— Anthoxanthum paniculatum, pee Edward Smith, M. D.
pia F. R. iS. and P. Ls dv
em Pp-
. 93
IOI
XV. Plante
XV. Plante Eboracenfes ; or, A Catalogue of the more rare Plants
- which grow wild in the Neighbourhood of Cafile Howard, in `
the North Riding of Yorkfoire, difpofed according to tbe Linnean
Syflem. By Mr. Robert Teefdale, F. L. S. p. 103
XVI. Odfervations on the Britifo Species of Carex. By the Rev.
Samuel Goodenough, EEP ER Y PLES: pr 126
XVII, On Genera and Species of Plants which occur twice or
three times, under different Names, in Profeffor Gmelin's Edition
of Linneus's Syflema Nature. By Jonas Dryander, M. A.
Libr, R. S. and F. L. S. - p. 212
XVIII. Remarks on Centaurea folftitialis and C. melitenfis. By
James Edward Smith, M. D. F. R. S. P. L. S. p. 236
XIX. Defeription of Fucus dafyphyllus. By Thomas Jenkinfon
Woodward, Efq. F. L. S. aes LE — p. 239.
XX. The Charaëters of Two Species of Oxalis. By Richard.
Anthony Salifbury, Ef. Ee Res: and F. L. S> - p.242
XXI. Defeription of a New Species of Warbler, called the Wood
Wren, objerved in May 1792. By Mr. Thomas Lamb,
Pe , iS. - Pe 245
XXII. Objervations upon. the Struéture and Oeconomy of thofe
— Juteffinal Worms called Teniz. By Mr. Anthony Carlifle,
F. « L. A. - . ; ; Pp. 247
XXII. 4 New Method of preferving Fungi, &c. By William
Withering, M. D. F. R. S. ind L.S — p. 263
XXIV. Ob-
vi SON TE NN TS.
XXIV. Odjeftions againfl the Perceptivity of Plants, fo far as
is evinced by their external Motions, in Anfwer to Dr. Percival’s
Memoir in the Mancbefler Tranfaétions. By Robert Townfon,
E/q. F. R. S. Edinb. p. 267
XXV. An Effay on the various Species of Sawfjb. By Mr. John
Latham, F. R. and A. S.S. and. F.L.S, — P. 273
XXVI. Defcriptions of Four New Britifh Lichens. By the Rev.
Hugh Davies, F. L. S. — —— p. 283
XXVII. An Account of Jome Plants Fa di covered i in Scotland.
By Mr. James Dickfon, F. L. S. _ p. 286
XXVIII. Remarks on the Genus Dianthus. By James Edward
Smith, M. D. FP. R. S. and P. L. S. p. 292
XXIX. The Hiffory and Defcription of a Minute Epiphyllous
Lycoperdon, growing on the Leaves of the Anemone nemorofa.
By Richard Pulteney, M. D. F. R. S. S. Lond. and Edin.
and F. L, S. Pp. 305
XXX. Extrait of a Letter from Mr, John Lindfay, Surgeon in
Jamaica, to Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. and H. M. L. S.
dated "fune 30, 1792. — — p- 313
Additional Remarks, by James Edward Smith, M. D.
PLS —— —— ——— P. 314
XXXI. Defcriptions of Three New Species of Hirudo, By ihe
R.verend William Kirby, 4. L. S. — e— p 316
Additional Note, by George Shaw, M. D. F. R. S. and
F. L. SS. oe —— — P. 319
ZSR 42.
GO NL ENT X vii
XXXII. Additional Obfervations on Fucus Hypogloffum, p. 30.
By T. J. Woodward, E/z. F. L. S. P. 321
Additional Note to tbe Effay on the Stellated Lycoperdons,
referred to L. recolligens, at p. 58. By the fame. — pe 323,
XXXIII. Additional Remarks on the Wood Sandpiper, Tringa gla-
reola. By William Markwick, Ef. F. L.$. |. — p. 325
XXXIV. Botanical Obfervations on the Flora Japonica, By Chartes
Peter Thunberg, Knight of the Order of Wafa, Profeffor of
Botany and Medicine in the Unrverfity of Upfal, F. M, L. S. p. 326
XXXV. Defcription of Sagina ceraftoides, a new Britifo Plant
difcovered in Scotland by Mr. James Dickfon, F. L. S. By the
Prefident. Pe 343;
XXXVI. An Account of two new Genera of Plants from New
South Wales, prefented to the Linnean Society by Mr. Thomas
Hoy, F. L. S. and Mr. Jobn Fairbairn, F. L. S. By the
— Pe 346:
XXXVII. Extracts from the MINUTE Book of the Linnean
: pagan P: 353:
Society.
ERANS-
4
S
DIRECTIA N-S |
FOR PLACING THE PLATES OF THE SECOND VOLUME. i
. I. PHALÆNÆ to face page =a, = 6
2. Bulla lignaria - ——— x 18
3 Paffiflora quadrangularis Salata LL heat mis sr ei WT
4. — laurifolia & cærulea * =. = 24
LA lunulata & minima - - s 26 |
©. Fucus afparagoides - - > $ 29 í
a hypogloffum - * ę = 39
8. Arrangement of papilios - E > - 69 i
9. Pancratium maritimum a. > mn 70 i
10. ————— amænum - * A a See bs
II. ————- - fragrans © = ee 72
12. fpeciofum sr. s et 73
Iz littorale - = - * 74
14. ftellare - zo ^ 74
15. Mufca pumilionis - Le > z 75
16. Pafpalum ftoloniferum - € s pud:
17. Araniz n - - ^ QI
18. Ferns - - . = 98
19. Carex axillaris, p. 1515 divifa, n 157 & te eti-
—.. uícula, p. 4363- ^ ái
20. —— ftrigofa, p- 169; crede P 17% & ful-
t 1/77 - - 210
21. —— cxtenfa, p. 175; opis s 1955 ftric-
ta, p. 196 - 210
22. rigida, p. 193 - - - 210
23. Fucus daiy[ x ori &c. - » - - 24I
24 Wood wren ^ - - - 246
2m lenz - - - - à à 258
26. Sawhih E Me c mn - - 282
27. Priftis cirratus ae ob - - 282
28. Lichens M. c Soe - - = 294
29. Hirudo crenatas - - E - 318
x a: À
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOC: E T:Y.
|
|
I The Hiflory and Defcriptions of four new Species of Phalæna.
By the late Mr. Jobn Beckwith, F. L. S.
Read March 3, i 789.
N the prefent advanced ftate of Entomology it is not often to
be eae that much of the Natural Hiftory of new and
extremely rare fpecies of infects can be obtained. The methods
which many of them take to fcreen themfelves from obfervation
in their firft ftages of life (too often fuccefsfully for the Entomolo-
gift) are not more various than they are interefting and curious. Of
the Lepidoptera, that order of infeéts whofe beauty has invited moft
Entomologifts particularly to attend to it, many of the caterpillars
feed enclofed within the ftems of herbaceous plants; others in
the branches or trunks of trees; a few within fruits and buds of
flowers; fome upon the roots of plants; others again float upon
the furface of the water, between the leaves of aquatic vegetables,
woven around them with inimitable art; and a much greater num-
Vor. II. B | ber
2 Mn. Becxwitn’s Hiflory and Defcriptions of
ber than is generally fuppofed efcape our notice by taking their
nourifhment only in the night. Of this kind, one of the following
Caterpillars is an inftance. And, though many feed more con-
fpicuoufly upon the leaves of trees and plants in the day time, yet a
confiderable number of thofe, -as if confcious of the fimilarity of
their colour to the underfides of the leaves, and of the fafety they -
derive from attaching themfelves thereto, are feldom to be feen but
in that fituation. Many others, of the family of Phalænæ Geo-
metra, will very frequently fix themfelves upon the trunks or
branches of trees, in an almoft erect attitude, and remain motion-
lefs for feveral hours together; and their roughnefs and colour, in
generalío nearly refembling that of the bark, aiding the decep-
tion, a perfon not ufed to fuch appearances, and often a good
connoiffeur, would not hefitate to pronounce them mere lifelefs
twigs, or decayed branches of the trees.
'Thefe various methods of eluding our fight, added to the un-
certainty of breeding many fpecies when procured, have prevented
our being acquainted with the larvz of the far greater part of the
Lepidopterous infeéts. In the courfe of feveral years endeavours
to promote fo defirable an object as the aícertaining them m
generally, various obfervations upon, "and drawings of larvæ, &c.
were made, which produced undefcribed Phalznz, among which I
apprehend are the four following Noétuæ.
The larva tab. 1. fig. 1. is of a pale greenifh yellow ; two rows of
minute white fpecks are placed longitudinally on each fide: thefe,
upon the pale ground colour of the caterpillar, are fcarcely to be
diftinguifhed at firft fight: the head is red, and the whole cater-
pillar perfectly fmooth : it feeds upon the oak, enclofed within two
or three leaves flightly fpun together, and generally places itfelf in
a curved pofition when at reft, as in the figure. About the end
of June it attains its full growtb, and fpins a weak web, ufually
among
Jour new Species of Phalæna. 3
among the leaves, within which it produces the pupa, as at fig. 2.
of a dark reddifh brown colour, very gloffy, fhort, and thick, the
abdomen terminating in a fharp point. The Phalæna itfelf, fig. 3.
appears, in ordinary feafons *, about the fecond week in April fol-
lowing : it is exceeding rare; but I met with the larvæ two fuc-
ceflive years in the neighbourhood of Brentwood in DK and
bred them with eafe and certainty.
Defcr. Phal. Noctua Chryfoceras. Spirilinguis criftata, antennis
flavis, thorace alifque anticis fulphureo-olivaceis nebulofis,
pofticis albidis fufcefcentibus.
Expanfio alarum, 1 unc. 4 lin.
Thorax antice linea tranfverfa alba. Ala /uperiores ful-
phureæ nebulis olivaceis. Stigmata duo approximata in-
vicem averfa nigro marginata; ftrige nigra per interiorem
partem varie difcurrunt : marginem exteriorem verfus ftriga
alba ferrato-dentata, ad marginem ipfum ftriga nigra tn
finubus areolas albidzs fovens.
ay be obferved of thefe moths, that they differ much in libe
characters upon the fuperior wings, the moft perfe& and beautiful
having the yellow dentated and undulated lines, &c. very diftinét;
but in others the yellow is fo blended with the black as nearly to
obliterate all the markings, and the moth appears of a dirty olive
colour with indiftin& blackifh clouds.
Fig. 4 is a larva which bears a great affinity to the former.
The body is of the fame pale yellow colour, and the head likewife
red. It differs chiefly in the want of the longitudinal rows of white
* Phalenz in general, but particularly thofe whofe natural time of appearance is in
the fpring, will be fometimes produced in an early feafon a month or more before their
ufual time; a backward feafon retarding them in the fame proportion.
us d | fpots,
4 Mr. Becxwitn’s Hifory and Defcriptions of
fpots, and in a fuperior degree of thinnefs and tranfparency of the
fkin and humours, through which the inteftines very vifibly ap-
pear. This circumftance renders it extremely liable to be injured in
beating from the trees. Its food is the poplar, upon which I have
repeatedly found it near town about the end of September. In the
beginning of Oétober it generally prepares for its transformation
by enclofing itfelf between two leaves, whofe edges it unites by a
great number of pretty ftrong threads. The Chryfalis, fig. Lu
of a reddith brown, and of the ufual form.
The Phalæna, fig. 6. is produced from it about the end of May
or beginning of June in the next year.
Defcr. Phal. Noctua Gemina. Spirilinguis criftata, alis fuperioribus
| cinereo-fufcefcentibus, fafciis duabus ftrigofis maculifque
duabus niveis intermediis.
Expanfio alarum, 1 unc. 2 lin.
Bafis alarum fuperiorum cinereo-fufcefcens; intra medium
fafcia lata e ftrigis quatuor nigris confecta; in ipfo medio
maculæ duæ nivez, interior orbicularis, exterior fubrotunda
poftice biloba; extra medium fafcia e ftriis fub tribus mundus
latis; in apice marginis antici lineola obliqua nigra. Alz
inferiores fufcefcentes fuperioribus pallidiores.
The larva, fig. 7. has the back and belly of a pale livid colour;
along the middle of the back is a row of white rhomboidal fpots,
one in each fegment ; the fides are of a dark brown, the lower ex-
tremity being edged with a white line. I have met with it near
the roots of willow trees, concealed under the earth or tufts of
grafs, on removing of which it is difcovered: it afcends thefe trees
in the evening to feed upon the leaves, and returns in the morning
to its place of retirement, remaining the whole of the day concealed,
This conftant praétice is probably to avoid the attacks of Ichneu-
4 , mons
]
i i Oe Trepi OM aere corto emet
LE
DES rare a pe ins
` four new Species of Pbalena. E To
mons or other enemies. If fo, it is not always fuccefsful; for
though I took feveral in the years 1785 and 1786, yet in the year
1787, out of twenty larve which I procured, but one Phalæna was
produced, the remainder appearing to have been deftroyed by
Ichneumons, which had permitted them to enter the earth, and
undergo their metamorphofis, as I found moft of the chryfalides
dead, with their cruftaceous coverings fwelled and diftorted, and
a fingle large filky cone within each of them. I was not for-
tunate enough to breed any of the Ichneumons.
Frequent opportunities occurred of obferving that the fame
ceconomy of feeding only in the night, fubfifted among thefe ca-
terpillars in the cages in which they were kept for breeding, as in
the night time they were always diftributed over the leaves placed
for their food ; but during the day appeared to be all loft, except
one or two which were occafionally feen; and this I accounted for
from the cages admitting the light but faintly.
Thefe caterpillars arrived at their full growth the laft weck in
May, when they changed in the earth to flender brown chryfalides,
one of which. is fhewn at fig. 8. The moth, fig. 9, came out the
end of June.
Defcr. Phal. Noctua Pulla. Spirilinguis criftata, ne deflexis
fuperioribus fufco-ferrugineis fubnebulofis ftriga alba un-
dulata.
Expanfio alarum, T unc. 4 lin.
Alz fuperiores ex fufco dilute ferrugineæ nigroque fubne-
» buloíz. In medio verfus marginem craffiorem due maculæ:
+” quarum interior fubrotunda, exterior reniformis albido ob-
foleté cinéte; linea alba undulata prope marginem exte-
riorem. Alæ inferiores cinereæ. Anus barbatus.
Fig. 10. is a larva of a beautiful green colour; through
the trànfparent fkin and humours the inteftines are con-
_fpicuoufly.
6 Mr. Becxwitn’s Hiflory, &c.
Ípicuoufly feen. It is the moft (lender larva of a Noctua that I ever
obferved, and at firít fight greatly refembles many of the Geometrz,
whofe motion likewife it in fome degree imitates. I found it upon
the fallow near Brentwood on the 18th of June, and it went into
the earth in about a week. "The pupa I am unacquainted with.
The Phalæna, fig. 11. was bred from the above larva on the
24th of July ; in its perfect ftate it runs with great celerity in the
day. It is extremely rare.
Deícr. Phal. No&ua Chryfoglefa. Spirilinguis criftata, alis fu-
perioribus grifeis fubfalcatis ftrigis tribus albis primoribus
abbreviatis.
Expanfio alarum, I uncia.
Lingua flava. Ale fuperiores fubfalcatæ, Rte
five albidæ atomis fufcis confperfæ, in ipfà bafi ftriga albida
abbreviata, paullo intervallo ftriga albida continuata. Extra
hanc duz maculz fuíce quarum interior fubovata, exterior
reniformis, albidà lineà cinétæ. Intra marginem exteriorem
ftriga albida, et linea alba ad marginem. Margo exterior
ftrigarum omnium faturatior et maculis concolor. _
Alz inferiores fufcefcentes. BE
IT. Remarks
€ ?
Bir Sen 4 fhend. Y A 4. de . 6.
^ x pr" p /) > B
e wa à A 4 ack: chiysoce Lad. ZZ ce aoet Y siue
e Z
Se A pela. PE. pee. - cht yseglofse:
Qo)
II. Remarks on Scolopendra elecirica, and Sc. fubterranea. By
| George Shaw, M. D. F. R. S. and L. S.
Read April 7, 1789.
MONGST the Englifh infeéts of the genus Scolopendra
there appears to me to exift a fpecies which is not diftinétly
defcribed, and I believe is generally confounded with the Scolopendra
eleétrica of Linnæus, which it fo much refembles that it is not eafy
to give a criterion by which it may at all times be diftinguifhed
from it. The moft ftriking difference, as to its external appearance,
confifts in its being of a much lighter colour than the Scolopendra
eleëtrica ; the elecirica being of a full brown, or approaching to a
chefnut colour, while this other fpecies is never much deeper
than a ftraw colour. Another diftinétive mark is, that it is nar-
rower and thinner in proportion than the ebria; and though
I have never accurately counted the number of feet, yet I am
ftrongly inclined to think that they are more in number than thofe
of the ekéirica. But what feems moft to indicate a difference of
fpecies is the very different habitation of this infect; for while the
Sc. eletrica is found in houfes, and amongft wood, linen, and
other fubítances, the fpecies or variety 1 am now fpeaking of
is never found any where but at a confiderable depth below the
furface of the ground, and principally refides in garden ground,
- in which it may be generally found about the roots of plants at
moft feafons of the year, except in very frofty weather. If placed
in a dry box it will fcarce furvive more than a fingle day, and fre-
quently
8 Dr. SuaAw's Remarks on
quently not fo long. On the contrary, the e/eéfrica may be always
preferved in this manner at leaft a month, and frequently two or
three months together, without feeming to lofe much of its vigour;
nay, it may even be kept pretty clofely confined between two glafles
for many days without any danger of perifhing.
Another very curious particular belonging to the Sc. elec-
trica (and which cannot be obferved in the other fpecies) is, that
if cut in two about the middle, both parts will live and appear vi-
gorous for a very confiderable time; fometimes a fortnight; but
with this very extraordinary circumftance, that the tail-part always
furvives the head-part two or three days; fo that the principle of
vitality is much more powerful in the lower part of the creature
than in the upper.
"This experiment I made and bd repeated feveral years ago,
and till lately imagined that it had not been obferved by any other
perfon; but I lately obferved a remark by Haller in his Bibliotheca
Anatomica, that the circumftance of both the cut parts living has
been mentioned in a German work entitled Unzer’s Kleine. Scbrifien.
This being a work I have never feen, I can only quote the very
brief expreffion of Haller, viz. ‘ Scolopendræ. diffeétz utraque
* medietas yixit:” yet there is no mention of the pofterior part
furviving the anterior, nor is the particular fpecies of the infect
mentioned, ;
I am aware that it may be objected to the idea of thefe two forts
of Scolopendra being fpecifically different, that the different habita-
tion of the animal, and a difference in colour, are not fufficient to
conftitute a difference of fpecies, efpecially as fome animals are
fuppofed to refide in habitations of the greateft poffible difference;
the Fa/ciola hepatica for inftance, which is fuppofed to inhabit the
waters, and yet is found in great abundance and in great vigour
jn the liver and gall-bladder of íheep. It is alfo a well-known
circum-
Scolopendra electrica, and Scolopendra fubterranea. 9
circumftance, that the larvae of many infeéts are fubterraneous,
while the infeéts in their complete ftate inhabit the furface, Yet
with refpeét to the two Scolopendre before mentioned, I muft: ftill
think that there are fufficient grounds for fuppofing a real and
fpecific difference; and in order that they may the more eafily be
diftinguifhed, it might not perhaps be improper to give to the fpe-
cies thus imperfeétly defcribed, the trivial name of /ubterranea.
I am by no means certain that the Sc. /ubterranea yields any
of that phofphoric light which prevails fo ftrongly in the other:
fhould this be uniformly the cafe, there is ftill another argument
in favour of a real {pecific difference.
Vor. II. C HI. Remarks
( 10 )
among bis rare Plants of Carniola, ig Profeffor Jacquin s Colleétanea,
III. Remarks on the Abbé Wulfens dogs of Lichens; publifhed
. Fol. Il. 112. By James Edward Smith
; M. D. F. R. S. and P. L. S.
Read Of, 6, 1789.
H E moreeminently a naturalift has diftinguifhed himfelf by
his accuracy and judgment, the more dangerous to pofterity
are any errors he may commit in the fequel of his enquiries. I
hope therefore it will not appear altogether unimportant to the Lin-
nean Society, if I lay before them a few remarks on fome unaccount-
able botanical miftakes in a paper of the juftly celebrated Wulfen,
entitled Plante Rariores Carinthiacz, publifhed by Profeffor Jacquin
in the fecond volume of his Collectanea, in 1788. Still lefs furely
fhall I be in danger of cenfure for prefuming to point out defects
in the works of fuch able men, for it is only authors of authority
whofe errors are worth pointing out.
"The miftakes alluded to chiefly regard the Lichens defcribed and
figured in the volume above mentioned ; and thefeI beg leave briefly
to notice, taking the plants in the order in which they prefent
themielves.
No. 175. Lichen tauricus, p.177
is L. vermicularis, Linn. fi. meth. mufe. 37. I have found it on
the alps of Switzerland.
4 No.
Dr. SwrTu's Remarks, &c. II
No. 176. L. marmoreus. p. 178.
This plant being unknown to me, I fhall not prefume to make
any farther remarks upon it, than to obferve in general, that a
red or purple colour is often not natural to cruftaceous Lichens,
but occafioned by the urine of fome animal falling upon them,
to which I fufpeét the colour of Lichen Oederi to be owing.
No. 177. L. corallinus. p. 180.
This appears by the defcription to be the true Linnean plant,
although the-author has not noticed the foliaceous margin fo re-
markable in this fpecies, by which it is proved to belong to the
cruftaceous Lichens, and which no writer has yet remarked. The
figure is very bad, and reprefents an imbricated Lichen.
No. 178. L. gertufus. p. 181.
The plant here figured and deícribed is the L. /crupo/us of
Schreber and Dickfon, totally different from pertu/us in all its ftates:
indeed the figure is more like.a variety of L. parel/us which 1 have
often found at Edinburgh, very diftinét from both the above.
No. 179. L. cinereus. p. 183.
This is a fpecies about which I could. never fatisfy myfelf. If this
figure be right, it is a valuable acquifition to botany; but 1 am in-
clined to doubt it, becaufe it more refembles ater of Hudfon, and
Linnzus deícribes the margin of his Lichen cinereus as black.
No. 180. Lichen albo-cærulefcens. p. 184.
This beautiful Lichen is probably new, if fufficiently diftin&
from L. immerfus of Weber.
C 2 No.
12 Dr. Smitu’s Remarks on
No. 181. L. atro-albus. p. 185.
, The figure of this refembles L. ceruleo-nigricans, more than
L. afro-albus, but the defcription does not accord well with either.
No. 182. L. airo-virens. p. 186.
I have the plant here defcribed for the L. /pheroides of Mr.
Dickíon. It by no means agrees with the characters of the true
atro-virens. The latter is generally fuppofed a variety of L. geo-
grapbicus, but I know not on what grounds, nor can I quite re-
move the difficulty, as atro-virens is not in the Linnean Herbarium.
No. 183. L. viridi ater. p. 186.
This feems to be really new, but there is no figure of it.
No. 184. L. rigidus, p. 187,
is nothing elfe than L. corniculatus of Lightfoot, radiatus of
Hudion, ;rifis of Weber. The figure is unworthy the works of
a Jacquin, and far inferior to that of Dillenius or even Weber.
The name given by Lightfoot is beft worth retaining, and has
the right of priority.
No. 1 185. L. reticulatus. p. 187.
I can fcarcely agree with the ingenious author in making this
fpecifically different from L. /anatus, merely becaufe the ramuli
adhere together. ‘Thefe kind of adhefions are common in L. Yan-
dicus and other fpecies, and {hew their approach to the nature
of Fungi.
No. 186. L. puflulatus. p. 188.
About this there 1s no doubt or difficulty.
the Abbé Wulfen s- Defcriptions of Lichens, 33
| No. 187. L. polyphyllus. p. 190. ` iaj
Certainly not fo, nor in any manner refembling it, but the
moft common appearance of L. miniatus Linn, juft as I have found
it in Scotland and Derbyfhire, and as it is püblifhed by Me, Pick:
Eus in vue Meg oF bes Plants. oe ibis:
ert rt
No. 188. L. hold p. 192.
We have here a good figure of Li muralis of Schreber and Dick-
fon, faxicola of Pollich. There is no teafon why the name muralis
fhould be changed, although not - very good, efpecially as that of
ecbroleucus has been given with more propriety to another fpecies
by Entbare
“No. 189. L. olivaceus. p 194.
In this the author i is € right, and his remarks on it are
very LT 103 th H 364 iv E |
á *
No. 190. d. prese. a on
-Fam n forty I cannot fay the fame of this. It is - no means the
eomphalodes of Linn. and all authors, which is nearly allied to /avatilts,
and perhaps not fpecifically diftin& from that fpecies. The plant
here defcribed by Mr. Wulfen is the variety of L. féllaris men-
tioned by Hudfon and Lightfoot; probably a diftinét fpecies from
the common fellaris, and totally different from olivaceus, to which
Mr. Wulfen thinks it allied.
In the quotation of Micheli he is totally wrong, and corrects
Linnæus extremely mal à propos; for this author rightly quotes
Micheli ab. 49. f. 2. for real L. omphalodes in Flora Lapponica
and Flo. Suecica; and the reafon he omitted to cite him in the
Species Plantarum was that he preferred the figures of Dillenius
and Vaillant, efpecially as Micheli did not find the plant himfelf,
but
i4 Dr. Smiru’s Remarks, &e.
but received it from the laft-mentioned author, and confequently
his own information is lefs original.
No. 191. L. pulchellus. p. 199.
This appears to be the L. tenellus of Weber, fo common on
trees and bufhes in England, and confounded by Linnzus with L.
ciliaris ; except that the author {fays it always grows on ftones, and
never on trees. The citation of Micheli is probably wrong, as he
does not mention the ciliz of the leaves.
Fr,
The multitude of errors I have taken the liberty to notice, ought
by no means to detract from the credit of this able and candid bo-
tanift, whofe accuracy and care are fo well known, that fuch errors
can only be attributed to his labouring alone in the ftudy of thefe
very difficult plants, without the helps which converfíátión with
others would have afforded him. Of the moft eminent botanifts
with whom it has béen! my fortune to converfe, fcarcely more than
three or four have attended carefully to Lichens; and the greater
‘part, even of thofe who have written on the fubject, are very
much miftaken in determining the Linnean fpecies, though af-
fifted by Dilleniuss matchlefs work. —
IV. Æ-
liane NÉE
( 15 )
IV. Account of the Gizzard of the Shell called by Linnæus Bulla lignaria,
addrefed to tbe Prefident. By Mr. George Humphrey, A. L. S.
Read Dec. 1, 1789.
SIR,
HAVE been credibly informed that the late celebrated Dr.
Linnzus, when he firft began his Syftema Natura, intended
to have taken no notice of the Tefacea; and his reafon for it was,
that as the animals of the far greater part were unknown, he did not
choofe to defcribe their mere houfes or fhells. However, it is plain
that he afterwards altered his mind; and though in his faid work he
has inferted only a fhort account of the animal of each genus of the
Teftacea in his charaéteriftic definition thereof, yet there is no doubt
but that he would have mentioned any remarkable particulars of that
of each fpecies, if he had been acquainted with any: every addi-
tion therefore to this interefting part of Conchology, however
little, would certainly have been acceptable to that indefatigable
Naturalift, and I prefume will be equally fo to his admirers. To
that end give me leave, Sir, to trouble you to lay before the Society
bearing his name, the following notes refpeéting the animal of the
Bulla genus of Teftacea.
Some few years paft Mrs. Le Coque, who refided at Weymouth,
fent up to her Grace the late Duchefs Dowager of Portland, a large
fhell of that fpecies of Bulla called by Linnzus Jignaria, toge-
ther with a curious internal part, accompanied by the follow-
ing note:
“Tam
16 Mn. GEORGE HUMPHREYS Account of tbe
* I am exceeding forry this fhell is broke, as I think I never
* met with the fort before: it had the fifh in it, and I think it
* js as wonderful a thing of the kind as ever I faw. After I had
& taken it out I was endeavouring which way to preferve it, but
*€ found. I.could. not fucceed, as it was of fuch a flefhy fubftance.
: “On opening it I found the infide to refemble a fowl’s; it had a
* diftinét heart, liver, and this that I have fent, which I take to
* be the gizzard, as your Grace will fee by a little fhell going into
‘ the infide.”
The Bulla and gizzard here mentioned I purchafed at the fale of
her Grace’s Mufeum for Ifaac Swainfon, Efq. of Frith-ftreet, Soho;
and with his permiffion have the honour of fubmitting them to
the infpection of the Society, together with another gizzard of the
fame kind, having the parts feparated; accompanied by a coloured
drawing of the whole, done by Mr. Lewin; which laft I beg may
be added to the colleétion of the Society.
The animal of all the fpecies of the Bulle that we are acquainted
with is very large, confidering the fize of their teftaceous part, and
but a {mall part of it can be contained in the fhell; Linnzus fays
it is. of the limax or flug kind.
That the part called the gizzard is for the purpofe of aa tticat-
ing its food, may be inferred not only from the fhell found within
that fent by Mrs. Le Coque, but alfo from an obfervation fince
made by John Smith Budgen, Efq. a gentleman very converfant in
fhells, who informed me, that from a gizzard of an animal of this
kind he took a {mall fhell, Bulla cylindracea of Pennant, with the
animal in it.
The {hell found in the gizzard of Mrs. Le Coque’s Bulla is a
-{mall bivalve of the Mya genus of Linnzus; and which alfo ac-
companies the other fpecimens. It had the animal in it when taken
out. On one of its valves there is the commencement of a circu-
| lar
Gizzard of the Shell called by Linnzeus Bulla. lignaria. 17
lar perforation ; which circumftance I mention, as it may poflfibly
throw fome light on the caufe of the round holes fo frequently met
with in fhells, particularly among the bivalves; which operation has
been generally afcribed to fhell-fith of the Purpura kind. It is probable
that the animal of the abovementioned Bu/a is provided with fome
organ within the gizzard, for perforating fuch fhells as are too hard
to be crufhed by the action of the gizzard valves againft each other,
in order to come at the fifh. The fhells of this bivalve are thick,
and {hut clofe. The animal was entire; and as it feems impoflible
for fuch fhells to be broken by any force of fo {mall an’ animal as
that of the Bulla in queftion, it is poflible that it had begun
the perforation above mentioned in order to get at the enclofed
meat. yA
Since this difcovery was:made, it has been found: that the Bulla
aperta: of Linnæus, and Bulla patula of Pennant, have. Similar
gizzards to that of the Bula lignaria; and no doubt all the ipee
properly belonging to this genus have like parts. |
It is to be hoped, that thefe obfervations may induce fome able
anatomift to give fome farther accounts of the animal of the Bulle
fhells, efpecially as the abovementioned, with other kinds, are found
living on our own coatts, |
It only remains for me, Sir, to add a fhort defcription of the
drawing, Tas. 2.
No. I. and 2. ‘thew the Bulla lignaria in two views, the back and
the mouth.
No. 3. 4 and 5. exhibit the gizzard in three different fites.
The brown parts between the valves are partly flefhy and
partly membranaceous, and conneét the valves together:
a. is the fuppofed entrance into the gizzard: b. the part
from whence the Mya was taken. |
Vor. II. D i33 “The
18 MR. GeorGEe Humpurey’s Account, &c, ——
"The three valves which compofe the gizzard, the leaft of which
is placed between the other two, as exprefíed at No. xare ofa
nature between. fhell and bone: the two larger, which are fimi-
lar, are nearly flat. The furface of the outfide, No. 6. is {mooth,
except à large depreflion in the middle, and;glofly.. The: middle
of the infide, No. 7. rifes in: proportion as the other:is depreffed,
and is rough, as if intended for maftication, which its promi-
nency allo favours, and it alfo appears to» be hardeft there. A.
yellow griftly fubftance furrounds this part, with which it is pro-
bable the valves are moved; from whence it 1$ finely ftriated to the
edge, which is a little fharp.
No. 8. The leaft valve appears like one of the others bent out-
wards, but fo that the two edges do not meet, particularly at the
two ends, where they are a little diftant, forming a groove wideft
at the extremities, as feen at No. 4 The infide is rough at the
centre, and has the circular griftle-like part that is in each of the
other valves.
Other particulars are fo well exprefled in the drawing, as to need
no elucidation.
It may not be amifs to remark, that the Bu//a is deftitute of an
operculum ; and there is certainly. no occaf ion for one, as the far
greater part of the animal is on the outfide of the.fhell, and can-
not, on account of its gizzard, contract itfelf fo as to retire within
it: but as it refides in deep water, it is perhaps as fafe there
from fifh, crabs, and other depredators, as thofe are who live
nearer the fhore, and barricado the mouths of their fhells with
their opercula.
: I am, Sir,
Your obliged and moft humble fervant,
i GEORGE HUMPHREY.
Albion-ftreet, Surry end of Black-
Fryar’s Bridge, 1ft Dec. 1789.
LJ ? *
Cu?
ai medi ases M wil d pi #8.
er
(C
E Account ap the Difference of Strutture in th Flowers of fix Species
of Pafffira. By Mr. James Sowerby, A L. S.
4
. Read. F Mos $; 1790:
YONSIDERING the Pif T in Sc as one of the moft
| beautiful tribes of plants yet known, I conceived a defire to col-
leét drawings of them; but having been diverted from my intention
by different and hécéifiry purfuits, I have made but trifling pro-
grefs. Neverthelefs, from a partiality in their favour on contem-
plating fo much ‘variety in one flower, and the wonderful, and
doubtlefs ufeful, organs of which fome of them are compofed, I
have been led to inveftigate with fome care fuch as have fallen
in my way. “It muft be owned I had long paffed over a prin-
cipal beauty in the Paffflora cerulea, viz. the double row of hori-
zontal, threadlike, radiated neétaries, if 1 may fo call them. If the
parts to which I allude be properly the neétary, furely many
flowers in this genus have that organ in greater abundance than,
any other flower, as well as in greater variety : hence I was induced
to pay attention to the néétaries in particular, and was much en-
tertained with the diftinguifhing differences in the fpecies. The
larger fpecies, as far as I have feen, have conftantly two rows of
. principal radiated nectaries; the fmaller commonly but one, and
but half the number of divifions in the corolla, viz..only five,
whereas the othcts have from ten to twelve. The repofitory for
the honey alfo differs much in different fpecies, and is a part very
Da diftin&
20 Mn. JAMES Sowergvy’s Account of the
diftinét from thofe above mentioned, which perhaps may ferve as
conduétors, or help to fcreen or fecure that juice. Their particu-
lar ufes remain, as far as I know, to be inveftigated, and probably
may be among the arcana of nature. There is alfo another fort
which ferves as an operculum under various forms, fometimes
plaited, or plaited and fringed, befides a kind of imperfect rays in
different fituations and fhapes, which have not yet been noticed,
and might afford good fpecific diftinétions. Even Profeffor Jacquin
has left his P. minima undetermined for want of the fructification,
which I prefume might have perfectly fettled it; for I have a
fpecimen (which I cannot get pofitively determined) that refembles
itin general appearance, with a plaited ruffle between the germen
and the filaments, which I have not yet feen in any other Pafi-
fora; but it cannot from the figure be known whether his minima
has this ruffle or not.
Perhaps I fhould not have been thus particular, if there had not
been fo much difficulty in finding a character to diftinguifh the
quadrangularis from the alata. It is well known that fome good gar-
deners and botanifts did not know the differences, and even thought
them one and the fame plant. They are certainly very much alike
as to general appearance before bloffoming, excepting the leaves
in the quadrangularis, which have generally twice as many fide veins,
by which it is diftinguifhed in the Hortus Kewenfis; yet who that
‘has not feen both can with certainty determine them? The flower-
bud even at a diftance will diftinguifh them pretty eafily, the qua-
drangularis being rather compreffed and never oblong, as that of
the elata always is; the former being alfo deftitute of awns: upon
a nearer infpeétion the difference is more obvious, and I will en-
deavour to make it clearly underftood.
I was once told that the guadrangularis had the narroweft leaves.
1 have feen it in different plants and places with narrower and
2 broader
mere
e. 3. fe. 21.
ae
Stang.
Ade
CA
sum
PERRET A
LEE)
T
Difference of Structure in the Flowers of fix Species of Paffflora. 2%
broader leaves than the alata, In general, the glands on the pe-
tioles are faid to be fix in the quadrangularis, which is fometimes
true; but it is not conftant, and I have feen fix in the alata, feem-
ingly by chance.
The peduncle affords a moft certain diftinétion, with which I
therefore begin my defcription of the characters of thefe and two:
or three others: in the mean time it may be obferved, that the co-
lour of the plant will not diftinguifh them ; nor can the colour of
their flowers, though they differ in this refpect, be allowed to form
a decifive diftinétion. — —
$ : Paffiflora Haine Linn. TAB. 3. fig. a.
— The quadrangularis is perhaps the largeft and. moft beautiful of
the Pafffloras, apparently containing the greateft number of parts,
which I will endeavour, with the help of a drawn diffection, to
de{cribe under the folawing heads: ; i
Sov a otitall of the fructification..
P Peduncle, or
2. Involucrum, or - Calyx.
3. Pedicle, or "Flower ftalk.
4. Petals, Or rather fegments of the Corells.
5. Principal rays, Radiated nectaries. |
6. Imperfeét rays, Small, commonly irregular, protube-
] rances. |
Z Imperfeétoperculum, Cover to an anti-neétary.
2:68. Operculum,. — the neétary. |
- | 9. Nectary, Which contains the honey..
* . Pedunde Triangular.
* 2. Involucrum Of three large, concave, oval-leaves, fer-
rated towards the bafe.
3. Pedicle
22 Mz. James Sowzn2Y's Account of the
3. Pedicle Cylindrical, rather more flender at the
-— | infertion into the concave bafe of the
flower. o
4. Petals Ten or twelve, the outer five or fix
thick and fomewhat fpongy, a little
concave, broad, ending obtufely and
without awns, the inner five or fix
thinner and Ímaller.
c, Principal rays Two rows clofe to each other, alike, awl-
fhaped and ftanding perpendicularly,
. or nearly at right angles with the
~ _ petals, which they exceed in length.
6, Imperfect rays Four or five rows of irregularly-fituated
| protuberances, neatly conical, very
imall, on an inclined. or defcending
plane.
"3
7. Imperfect operculum* SM Wc into rays which ®
r tips reft on a thickened part
Er column fupporting the fruc-
tification.
8. Operculum | | Horizontal and flattifh at the end, which
is edged with two rows of little im-
perfect or irregular teeth, nios on
. the column.
-o Neary _ Round the concave bafe of the corel lay
with a protuberating half partition. -
on the fide fartheft from the EE
© This om oe pr more shai in any her Pao. ~
Paffiflora
Difference of Structure in the Flowers of fix Species of Pafliflora. 23
Paffiflora alata, A, Hort. Kew. F. 5. 306, T'as. 3. fig. b.
is very like the former at firft fight: the open flower has alfo. a
general refemblance, till we come to examine and make comparifon,.
when I prefume we fhall find facient diftinétions.
t
| | 1. Peduncle Cindrea
| 2. Involucrum ~ Three divifions, fmall, lanceolate, with
e gs glandulag, ferratures.
| 3. Pedicle Thickeft at the infertion into the con-
me vex bafe of the flower.
4. Petals The outer five or fix oblong with an awn,,
the inner longer.
5. Principal rays The outer thinneft and fhorteft.
6. Imperfe& rays A double row; below and diftin& from:
them, a fingle row.
7. Imperfect operculum Wanting.
8. Operculum Partly horizontal and partly turning up:
to the column, then folding backward
down again embraces the column *.
9. Neétary | Round the column, confined by the
bafe of the flower. -
-
-
® This is fo connected with the column that it appears infeparable, but is not joined:
wt aru gz
to it.
+ The column comes to the bottom of the neétary, which is not the cafe in the
quadrangularis..
A
Paffiflora
24 Mr. James Sowersy's Account of tbe
Pafliflora laurifolia. Linn. ‘Tas. 4. fig. c.
This perhaps is fufficiently known, and diftinguifhed by its ge-
neral appearance; yet it is fo remarkable in many particulars, that -
I could not leave it unnoticed: its beauty alío feems to demand
attention.
I. Peduncle The lower part cylindrical, becoming tri-
angular at the infertion of the in-
volucra.
2. Involucrum Three large, concave, obovate leaves,
ferrated towards their extremities with
large glands, ending in two or three
fimple ferratures.
3. Pedicle Almoft conical, narrowing into the deep
bafe of the flower.
A Petals e > Six outer lanceolate with an awn, the
| inner fmaller.
5. Principal rays Two fets the outer íhorteft, fpread-
ing diagonally, bafe cylindrical, apex
abrupt and irregular, flattifh; the inner
nearer upright, fome a little clavated,
- others bluntly awl-fhaped*.
6. Imperfect rays T'wo or three rows irregularly fituated.
7. Imperfeét operculum None. :
8. Operculum An horizontal plane, touching the bafe
of the column, which confines it by
fpreading a little over the edge.
9. Neétary | Below the bafe of the column, round the
concave bafe of the flower.
* This fhews the double row of nectariferous rays plainly.
Paffiflora
Cu
ters ranas V. tab 4, po 24,
Diference of Structure in the Flowers of fix Species of Pafffora. 25
Paffiflora cærulea, Linn. TAB. 4, fig. d.
however common, is very curious in its conftruétion, differing in
many particulars from all that I have feen. This beautiful flower
is generally efteemed; and, if we examine the parts of wit it is
compofed, it will luii add to our admiration.
I. Peduncle Cylindrical, fwelling a little at the bafe.
2. Involucrum "Three ovateentire leaves, a little concave.
3. Pedicle Cylindrical, thickening at each end.
4. Petals The outer five or fix a little flefhy, ob-
long, rather obtufe; inner narrower
and thinner, about the fame length.
5. Principal rays Two rows, horizontal, threadlike, a little
pointed, nearly alike, under each other.
6. Imperfect rays One regular row, with roundifh heads,
on little footftalks, ftanding ere& on
an horizontal elevated plane at the
bafe of the principal rays: within
thefe imperfe& rays are a very dif-
ferent fet, entire at the infertion, di-
vided into threads about half way
down, and inclining againft the co-
lumn. On the under fide is a protu-
berance which catches the margin of
the operculum.
7. Imperfect operculum None.
8. Operculum Spreading from the column under the
aforefaid rays.
Round the bafe of the column, with a
thick protuberance* round the fide of
the lower part of the flower, on which
refts the operculum, and which almoft
divides it into two cells.
9. Nectary
* This protuberance feems to form an antichamber to the neCtary.
| VoL. Il. E Pafliflora
26 . MR, James SowErsy’s Account of the
Paffiflora lunulata. Smith, Ic. Pici. t. 1. TAB. 5, fig, e.
. This is a much fmaller flower than thofe already defcribed, and
is remarkably different in having but one row of principal rays,
very different alfo in their form, which is quadrangular. The oper-
culum or cover of the neciary is very different, being curioufly
plaited; and this is à common cafe with the ftill fmaller ones. But
I proceed to the different parts, continuing the former order; and
" as it has fewer in number, we {hall of courfe find which are want-
ing, as well as the variation in thofe which it poflefles.
1, Peduncle Cylindrical.
. 2, Involucrum Three very fmall, lanceolate, and en-
tire leaves.
4. Pedicle Cylindrical, thickeft at the infertion into
the flattifíh bafe of the flower.
d Petals Generaly ten, the outer ovate, rather
lanced, the inner fhorter.
5. Principal rays . One row, fpreading, quadrangular, and
: thinneft at each end.
6. Imperfect rays One row, regular and &lubbed.
7. Imperfect operculum None.
8. Operculum Regular, and plaited.
9. Nectary Round the bottom of the flower neareft
the outer part, confined by a protu-
berating or thickened bank, arifing
from the bafe of the flower, gradually -
defcending round the column, and
making a trench about it.
Paffiflora
Difference of Structure in the Flowers of fix Species of Paffiflora. 27
{
Paffiflora minima. Linn. Tas. 5, fig. f.
This has been fuppofed the fmalleft of the tribe, whence its name,
though there are others nearly if not quite as fmall: it is how-
ever very pleafing to fee how perfect the parts of fructification are,
and how nearly they refemble each other, infomuch that the fpe-
cies fecm not yet perfectly diftinguifhed; though I prefume, when
carefully exaniined, they will be as diftinguifhable as the guadrangu-
lari; and alata. Y have not feen many; but among what I have feen,
they are in a fimilar predicament with regard to the ftalk and fo-
liage. In this I have fome reafon to think that the ruffle under
tlie germ (ro) will mákeit diftinét, and perhaps the fringed edge of -
the operculum may affift: in other refpeéts two or three fpecies of
the fmall forts feem to be exactly the fame, or not to be eafily known
from each other. I fhould have obferved, that they are many of
them deftitute of the involucrum, in thofe that I have feen, though
there is a joint between the peduncle and pedicle where we fhould
naturally expect it: they alfo have but five petals, confequently
have not any thing that ferves as a calyx: but to proceed to the
nectaries, &c.
I. Peduncle Cylindrical.
2. Involucrum ' None.
3. Pedicle Cylindrical, curved a little, thickeft at
the flat bafe of the flower.
A. Petals Five, lanceolate, turned back.
5. Principal rays Cylindrical, fpreading, curved back.
6. Imperfeét rays Moftly clubbed, fometimes bifid.
7. imperfect operculum None. |
8. Operculum Plaited and fringed at the edge.
9. Neétary The fame as the laft, except thatat the
ridge of the protuberating bank are
fome fmall, regular, roundiíh glands,
or imperfect rays, if I may fo call them.
E 2 It
20 Mr. JAMES SowERBY's Account, &c.
It may not be amiís to obferve here, that, in addition to the
various forms in this genus, we are generally captivated with the
beautiful difplay of their colours. In the quadrangularis, we cannot
but admire the principal rays, from. the colour being fo regularly
difpofed in rings round them*, which is more diftinét in the alatas
making it vie with the former in beauty; in the /aurifolia it is fimi-
lar; it adds much alfo to the beauty of the cærulea. The fmaller
ones in general have yellow rays. The different parts are commonly
fpotted, or otherwife coloured; in moft of them.
* 'Thefe rings are red towards the bottom of the rays, alternately relieved with white,
upwards becoming purple, terminating in a rich ultramarine or fmalt blue towards their
tops ;: this blue is the more like fmalt, being partly powder, which if dufted on white
paper we might miftake for fuch,
VI. Defirip-
d
Pd
VI. RMS of two new Britz jf Fuci. By Thomas a vu
ward, Ei F. L. $$.
Read Ms 4, 1790.
X. Fucus afparagoides, Tas. 6.
AULE tereti ramofiffima, foliis fetaceis, fruétificationibus
globofis pedunculatis alternatim oppofitifolus.
The frons is extremely tender, of a bright red colour, very much
branched, and appears to be about fix inches high; but whether
the few fpecimens hitherto found are entire plants, or branches
only, cannot be clearly afcertained. The ftem and branches are
round, the latter appearing inclined to an alternate order. The
leaves are fetaceous, red, « or greenifh, ec ad thicker than a
hair.
The fructification confifts of globular veficles, or capfules, the
fize of the feeds of poppy, fupported on fhort fruit-ftalks, equal
in length to the capfule; me cu whole one-third of the length
of the leaves.
This fpecies may be placed in the Syftema Vegetabilium in the
fixth fubdivifion of Mr. Hudfon Maec tereti) next to Fucus pe-
dunculatus.
This beautiful plant was MAT by Mr. Wigg, an Affociate of
this Society, among the rejeétamenta left by the recefs of the: tide
on the beach at North Yarmouth, and does not appear to have
been figured Or defcribed by any author.
i 2. Fucus:
2 Ir. Woopwarp's Defcriptions
3
2. Fucus Hypoglofum, TAB. 7.
Caule alato ramofiffimo, foliis lineari-lanceolatis integer-
rimis coftà proliferis.
The frons is membranaceous, extremely thin, bright red, about
two or three inches high ; divided immediately from the root into
numerous branches, growing without order, and winged on each
fide with a thin membrane. The leaves are linear-lanceolate,
very entire, feffile or on very {hòrt footftalks, growing without order,
and arifing from the nerve, which runs through every part of the
frons : from the nerves of thefe leaves arife others proliferous, from
two to fix on each leaf, and from thefe again others ftill {maller ;
the extreme ones lanceolate. _ ;
The fructification appears to be dicecious—The male confifting
of veficles, the fize of the feeds of muftard, of. a. much deeper red
colour than the frons, fituatéd on the nerve near the extremity of
the leaves— Female, numerous very minute grains fcattered near
the nerve on each fide of the leaf. >
Such is the appearance, if. we are to conhaer the fru&ification
of thefe plants as dicecious; but as this is a matter of great doubt,
it is pofhble thefe different appearances may be accounted for
by fuppofing that the red veficles are real capfules replete with
feeds; and that the granular appearance proceeds from the cap-
fules having burít, and difcharged their feeds, which adhere to
the furface of the frons, until that decaying, they are depofited in
the place proper for their vegetation. Upon this fuppofition, the
capfules are of courfe deciduous, and difappear uke the feed-veffels _
of other known plants.
This fpecies may be placed in the Syftema Vegetabilium next
to Fucus alatus in Mr. Hudfon’s third fubdivifion, Alati, f. fronde
plane, ftipite medium folium percurrente,
6 A fpe-
of two new Britifh Fuci, 31
A fpecimen of this elegant plant is preferved in the Herbarium
of Sir Jofeph Banks, and has been by the late Dr. Solander named
as above mentioned; but his papers on the genus Fucus being un-
fortunately loft, it is unknown whence it was procured. Some time
finçe it was found by Mr. Wigg amongft other rejeétamenta on the
beach at Yarmouth, and from him I was favoured with fpecimens
in fruétification ; it was afterwards found: by Mr. Crowe, F. L. S. at
Cromer in Norfolk, growing on the rocks; and it-has alfo been
found by the Rev. Dr. Goodenoogh d in various places on the fouth=
ern coaft of England,
VIT. An
Eaa)
VII. An Efay towards an Hiffory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdons :
being an Account of Juch Species as bave been found in the Neighbour-
hood of Bungay, in Sufolk. By Thomas Fenkinfon Woodward, Efq.
PS.
Read April 5, 1791.
INTRODUCTION.
HE Stellated Lycoperdons are undoubtedly to be confidered
as fome of the moft curious plants in the whole order of
Fungi, both as to their external appearance, and their mode of
vegetation. And as the author of this Effay has been in the habit
of making obfervations upon them for feveral years, and has had
an opportunity of thoroughly examining them in all the ftages of —
their growth; the ftellatum Linn. and its fuppofed varieties being
very common, and the other fpecies by no means uncommon in
this neighbourhood; he thinks an account of his obfervations
may not be unacceptable to the Linnean Society: the more efpe-
cially as he hopes to be able to throw fome new light upon the fub-
ject of thefe curious, and, in general, fcarce plants; and to correct
Íome errors which have been made public relating to them.
I. It appears very extraordinary that thefe plants fhould have
been totally overlooked by the older authors, no notice being taken
of any of them in Bauhin's Pinax; though the common puff-ball
(Lycoperdon bovifta Linn.) is there mentioned. Tournefort, Inft.
R. H. 563, mentions one fpecies, quoted from Boccone's Mufeum,
and has figured it t. 331; but this figure reprefents an old and
decayed
Hiflary of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdons. 33
decayed fpecimen, the head being irregularly torn and broken.
Ray, Syn. ed. 2da, app. alo defcribes one fpecies, found by Doody
1695 ; and in ed. 3fia, two fpecies. Of thefe, one is the common
Lycoperdon ftellatum, of which Dillenius has there added a fig.
t. I. f. r. and the other is referred to the plant of the 2d edit. and
to the fig. of Tournefort before mentioned; but this is defcribed
by Ray, p. 28, coli inflar perforatus, which does not at all agree with
the figure of Tournefort, arid feems too remarkable a circumftance
not to have been noticed in the Inft. (hort as the characters there
given are. Micheli, Nov. pl. gen. p. 220, has enumerated, and has
figured, t. 100, five fpecies, under the expreffive generic name
Geafter. Three of thefe are referred, but doubtfully, to the authors -
before mentioned; and all of them feem reducible to Lycoperdon
ftellatum Linn. or to the fuppofed varieties of that fpecies. Morifon,
Hift. Oxon. tom. 3. p. 641, mentions the ftellatum, but this is quoted
from R. Syn. and not given on his own authority.
2. 'The firít mention of the fpecies fince called by Mr. Hudfon
Lycoperdon fornicatum, appears to have been under the fanciful
name Anthropomorphus, by Sterbeck, Theatr. fung. and Seger, Eph.
nat. cur. where a clufter is figured, with human faces drawn on the
heads! Which of thefe authors was the original, and which the
copier of this abfurdity, is hardly worth enquiring ; but as Sterbeck's
book was publifhed in 1675, and the £^. nat. cur. began in 169o, it
moft probably belongs to the former. Mor. Hf. Ox. tom. 3. p. 641,
mentions the Anthropomorphus, and its authors, but it is only to
exprefs his admiration at the abfurdity. Seg. Eph. nat. cur. ann. 4.
two years after the firft, gives a tolerably good figure of Lyc.
fornicatum, a folitary fpecimen. The firft notice of this plant
by any Britifh author is in the Phil. Tranf. va. xliii, p. 234, where an
extremely good figure and an account are given by the late Sir Wm.
Watfon. After this an excellent reprefentation was given by
Vor. Il. F Black-
34 oMr. Woonpwanp's Effay towards an `
Blackftone, Spec. botam: p. 24. t. 2. The firt mention made by
Linnæus of the Lycoperdon ftellatum appears to be in Hort. Chiff.
ann. 1737, after which it is mentioned in Fl. Suec. and Sp. pl. ; but
in the lateft editions of the works of this illuftrious author.no notice
istakén of any other fimilar fpecies. «It is-from this probable, that,
ifany other had fallen under his obfervation; he confidered them as
varieties of the ftellatum not worth noticing; it. being well known
that this order of plants obtained but a very {mall {hure of his at-
tention.» Haller Hift. Stirpe: Helv, tom. 3.2174, quotes Lannzus's
Lyc. ftell. and has referred to Watíon Phil. Tranfand Blackftone
Sp. bot. for (what he-confiders as) a flight variety of it; but
informs us that he had never {een this plant. He- alfo refers to
Eph: nat..cur. for Anthropomorphus; but he has quoted the fame
work ann. 4. obf. 9o. for ftellatum, which he could. not shave
done had he actually. confulted it before’ he had made his. rez
ference.
'-3. Other more recent authors* muft be paffed over to come to =
ingenious countryman Hudfon, who deferves the warmeft thanks
of all Englifh . botanifts, for having firft completed an Engliíh
Flora, in which he has with admirable fagacity adapted the Sy-
nopfis of our immortal. Ray to the Syftem of the illuftrious Lin-
nzusj a work in-which the errors are fo few, that, inftead of cavil-
ling at them, it muft be matter of furprife, to all fuch as are com--
petent to judge of the difficulty of the undertaking, - that they are
not much more numerous.: This author, in his firft edit. 1764,
has enumerated, along with the other fpecies of the genus Lyco-
aM two which are = viz. the ftellatum Sen to
ut It may à Bn sheer, that Lightfoot Fi. Scot. 1068, takes notice that the = Li.
fell. Linn. had not: then been found in Scotland ; but that it probably would, as it was
found i in Sweden, which was farther north. This opinion has been fince verified, as it
was s found near Edinburgh by our Prefident, ann. 1782.
which
Hifory of ihe Britifh Stellated Liycoper dons. 35
which, he has/quoted the fpecific character given in Sp. pl; and
the: plant mentioned in. the Phil. "Traní, and by Blackftone, |to
which he has given the éxpreffive trivial name of fornicatum, and
has adapted to it a fpecific charaëter which clear ly diftinguithes. it
fróm the other fpecies. In this edition no other authors are referred
'to.for this plant, but thofe juft mentioned; but in ed. 2da, 1778,
the figures of Batarra and Schæffer are quoted, and an additional
place of growth is mentioned from Mr. Tofield. |
4 The two fpecies, Lycoperdon ftellatum and ikai as
-Charaéterifed by Linn. and Hudf. were confidered by all Britifh
botanifts as clearly diftinguifhed: and pointed out, till the publica-
tion of à pamphlet a few years fince* by Mr. Charles Bryant, of
Norwich, entitled; © An Hiftorical Account of two Lycoperdons!
"This work has met with many admirers, even ámóng(t" botanitts
‘of eminence, but who have not had an opportunity of examining
thefe plants in their native places: of growth, where only, as the
“author juftly- obferves, © an accurate acquaintance with their mide of
vegetation and different charatters is to be obtaixed;' and have confe-
quently been mifled - by the fpecious arguments and decifive ftyle
of this publication." But though T obje& to the work, T am ready
to'do thé author the jüftice bf declaring, that I know him to be
‘ati indefatigable and, in moft inftances, anaccurate obferver and
inveftigator of botanical fubjects; and am confident, that-he had
no other view in this treatife, than that- of communicating to the
world fuch. obfervations:as he ‘himfelf was convinced were juft,
and'confequently uféful:inafcettaining fome doubtful: andlittle-
known plants. I have neverthelefs but little doubt that it will be
made appeat, that thefe fpecies, Lycoperdon ftellatum and forni-
he Si as iu Au TA — "—— are ey pem T
DRG 2104 LLB . : B ff
1 1 " was titted at. Norwich t bit has not. i dis of the year.
F 2 à . two a
v
£6 Mr. Woopw ARD's Effay towards an
two fpecies can be; and that Mr. Bryant has totally confounded
what he meant to elucidate. This has happened from his forming
a theory for himfelf, and then torturing the account of the different
fpecimens he has met with, to make them accord with this theory.
5. It has been obferved before, that Linnæus mentions but
one plant of this kind, to which he has given the appofite trivial
name of ftellatum; and has charaéterifed it in the following
words:
Lycoperdon ftellatum—Vo/va multifida patente, capitulo glabro: ore
acuminato dentato. Sp. pl. 1653.— FI.
Suec. No. 1277.
To this Hudfon in his Fl. Ang. added another, under the name
of fornicatum, which he has thus charaéterifed.
Lycoperdon fornicatum—Volva quadrifida fornicata, capitulo glabro:
ore obtufo ciliato. Fl. Ang. ed. 1ma, 502.
ed. 2da, 644.
This perfe&ly diftinguifhes it from the ftellatum of Linnzus,
without the neceffity of making any alteration in the fpecific cha-
racter of that plant; a circumftance which very frequently becomes
neceffary when any new fpecies is introduced into a genus. It is to
be obferved, that no notice is taken of the pedunculated head; this
being at that time unneceffary, as Dillenius's figure of ftellatum,
R. Syn. ed. 3tia, and the figures of fornicatum referred to in Fl.
Ang. reprefent the plants with peduncles.
6. Mr. Bryant, diffatisfied with this arrangement, from having
met with a ftellated Lycoperdon having a feffile head, was imme-
diately impreffed with an idea, that this circumftance was the only
. proper one to form a fpecific diftinction (p. 10). He therefore
directly concluded, that all fpecimens which had the head fupport-
ed on a peduncle, muft form one fpecies; and all thofe in which
the head was feffile, another. And as it was abfolutely impoffible,
8 that
Hiftory of tbe Briri/b Stellated Lycoperdons. 37
that more than two’ fpecies of ftellated Lycoperdons could exift,
he direétly arranged all which he met with under one or the other
of thefe fpecies. The fornicatum of Hudfon happening, unfortu-
nately for this theory, to have the head fupported on a peduncle,
as well as the plant figured in R. Syn.; this difficulty could no
otherwife be difpofed of, than by making that plant, notwithftand-
ing its totally different appearance and habit, a variety of his new-
formed: fpecies. of fornicatum. But as the fpecific characters of
Linnzus and Hudfon, though he thought proper to retain the
names, would not by any means fuit this difpofition, he was under
the neceffity of forming new ones, which he has done as follows :
Lycoperdon ftellatum—Radice Jubcampanulata*, volva multifida
patente ; tunica exteriori tenui. fragili, ca-
pitulo albido Jef : ore lacerato: Bryant’ s
Hift. Acc. &c, p. 14.
To this are quoted as fynonyms, Scop. fl. carn. 1. p. és n. 2. (a)
— Hall. Hifl. n. 2174.—Buxb. cent. 2. 45. 1. 49. f. 3.
Lycoperdon, fornicatum— Radice fibrofa *, volva multifida fornicata;
; tunica exteriori flamentofa, capitulo ni-
gricante pedunculato. Br. Hift. Acc. &c.
P. 14 :
quadrifidum—B.—volva quadrifida.
The
"NE B. has introduced the roots to form part of his fpecific characters, and he may
be right i in his defcription of the campanulated root of his ftellatum, though I have never
feen any other roots than fuch as were fufiform, terminated by a few fibres; and a root
broken in the ground would neceffarily put on fomewhat of the appearance which he de-
Ícribes. Perfons converfant with fea plants know that fuch roots are common amongft
the fuci; but they alío know that the moft received opinion is, that the roots of thefe
plants are no more than fulcra, or points of fupport ; and that the plants do not derive any
nourifhment by their means. We can have no doubt but the roots of thefe Lycoperdons
are defigned to afford nourifhment to the plant, whilft in a growing ftate; though feam
the peculiar mode of vegetation, they are loft as foon as the plants arrive at ma-
turity,
38 «Mae, WoopwaARD's Effoy towards an
.TEhé fynonyms sare; Scép. fo capa Y. p. 647 (b) accedit Gfed: Fung
fos: vo oar) wis Ri Sj 27. tor fi 1+ Neitlier Einnasfs
nor Hudfon is quoted, though: undoubtedly their fpecies wore füp-
pofed: to. belong to one or the other; and: Hudfori's fornieatam is
acknowledged; taibe his (B. Yquadiifidums 24 dasiq 963 əs [ovr 2
-biy iet ny bótatift c compare thé concifes defcriptive, and' diferi
minating characters; By Linnæus and Hudfon 'beforé mentioned,
with thefe'prolix, vague, and indecifive charaëters * of Mr. Bryant ; -
and determine whether if be ‘poffible: to miftake the plants pointed
out ‘by the former, ¢ or to diftinguifli thofe meant by the latter? But
Mr. Bryant fags; the rays of the ftellatum fplit i into an indeterminate
number of fegments, and therefore it is an improper fpécific dit-
tinction? and this would certainly: have great weight, if all the
other fpecies did the -fame x but it i$ exprefsly contrafted with the
fornicatum, where:the rays aré. defetibed quadrifid, and therefore
is highly: proper.. Again, he p the diftinétions ‘ore acuthinato
turity, when they no longer want their affiftance. It is difficult to conceive how any nou-
tifhment can be derived. by\a root of the. kind Mr. B. fuppofes; and I do not know that
any analogy from any other part of the vegetable kingdom can fupport this idea. At
any rate, the philofophy of botany inftfuéls | $ not to form fpecific charaéters from roots,
unlefs others are not to be found; but fachi not the cafe here; and from the peculiar
El the roots of thefe plants are particularly inadmiffible.
c * Exclutve of the i impropriety ol of the roots being. made ufe of, for perg tapes
the outer coats are, not eafily. fo be examined when the plants. are expanded. ; T
tinclions, E capitulo allidoy and * capitulo nigricante, are not founded i in fact ; as the heads
| dw ve
LI
S
denlatoy
- OR
D 1 iit ve
Hiftory of the. Britzfb Stellated Lycoperdons. 39
dentato, and“ ore obtufa cilrato, are futile: (p:x5)5 becaufe the appear-
ances of the mouth;:and its teeth or ciliæ, vary according to the age
and ftages of:decay of the plant. This would alío have weight, were
it confiftent with fact; but the real truth is, that the ciliæ fur:
roundingithe mouth-of ftellatum: Linn, whether opening to dif-
charge the duit or not; have always 4 degree: of :convengency; and
confequently fomewhat of an acuminated appearance§ though this
is much: more evident im-íome varieties. than.in others, as in
fome: thefe ciliæ form: a. fharp cone*, and in others, one fo blunt
as to‘be nearly fat. The fornicatum of Kudfon:on.the contrary, |
when full: grown, has-always the mouth: openj and the cilia! /fur-
rounding it forming a (hort cylinder; and when ANNA in age
thefe cilia are fometimes even reflected.
8. From thefe confiderations, it 1s afferted! by Mr. Bryant, that
Lyc. fornicatum of Hudfon is nothing" more than: an accidental
and flight variety of the plant figured in’ R.»Syn:.; and.that the
lower volva; or bag as it is called, is never feen but when the plant
sin a ftate of decay, p. 36. : This he attributes to the feparation of
the thin outer coat from.decay; and from grafs; mofs, or móuld, in-
finuating itielf fo as to caufe it to fall from the other, and form the
bags p- 27: And again, p. 28 * dy tbe fun and drying winds getting
in, and caufing the two frins to flake from each other, -and:mould con-
z een getting: ic nee He Hine fame: i 5d aser ots
2H12 DAR: ? 29 14 bag leoi T
* A variety of delatum. Lian. and Firmen in Me Rép. canna:
l a lh et
ferved here, and every where ate: here the tes is “meritioned by that author,
that it is his own fpecies which he means, viz. the plant figured in R. Syn. and therefore
here, and whercver he is endeavouting ta biroliliatki fhet fpecific character of Hudfon’s
fornicatum, he is defcribing one plant. by. another; and. this unattended to. bas. been
the caufe of the confufion his, pamphlet h has occafioried. "t is not to be wondered at, that
he fhould call the diftin€tions of the mouth futile, when nis fpecies forricátüni 4 includes.
plants having the cilia forming a cone, and others where they form a-cylinder. |
ES yal manner
40 Mr. Woopwarp’s Efay towards an
manner is the arched appearance of the rays accounted for; * dy
* the fle/by coat which is very thick upon the fhoulders, as foon as it begins
* fo fhrink, prefing fo forcibly upon the rays as to caufe them to contraët in
* an arched direëtion. P. 27. But fo far is this from being the fact,
that this thick coat, in all the other fpecies as well as in this, is def-
titute of any fuch force at all; and if the plant be left undifturbed,
as foon as it begins to fhrink, cracks, and peels off, or, if it remain
on, dries to a mere thin cruft; which proves its nature to be too
moift and fucculent to poffefs any elafticity whatfoever. It will
befides be fhewn hereafter, that, if the rays of this plant contract
at all, it is in breadth, and that at the fame time they increafe in
length ; and it would be very difficult to conceive how this elaftic
force (if any fuch there were) or preffure fhould act fo as to produce
this double effect, If the freíhly-opened plant of the ftellatum
Linn. and Hudf. be taken from its native place, and carried into a
dry room, the thick coat will dry upon the rays without peeling off;
and in this cafe it does indeed fomewhat contract them, but this
merely from its fhrinking. When this happens, it is fo far from
acting to occafion an arched appearance, that it only. increafes
any tendency the rays may have had, from fituation, to contract
irregularly; inftead of being incurved, as thofe of ftellatum always
become in age, and after lofing this thick coat, if free and uncon-
ftrained. This fpongy coat in the recently-opened plant entirely
hides the peduncle, and the head appears perfectly feffile; and this
- appearance fometimes continues when the plant is immediately re-
moved from its place of growth, and fuffered to dry very flowly.
This may perhaps account for fo many authors having defcribed
the ftellatum with a feffile head; and the figures of Scheffer, t.
182, feem to anfwer to this, they being evidently taken from plants
juft opened. That fuch is the fact is very likely, as very few of the
defcriptions or figures of thefe authors accord perfectly with the
Lyco-
Hiftory of tbe Brüifb Stellated Lycoperdons. 41
Lycoperdon hereafter to be defcribed, which has really a feffile
head.
9. That Mr. Bryant's method of accounting for the double volva,
and arched appearance of the rays of fornicatum of Hudfon (to fay
nothing of the improbability, or nearly impoflibility, of a fixed and
permanent effect, proceeding from vague and accidental caufes), is
merely conjecture, and not founded on a&ual obfervation or folid
argument, every botanift who has been in the habit of obferving
plants of the order of Fungi muft readily allow ; and if they recur
to the pamphlet itfelf, they will fee that the obfervations and ar-
guments are not miftated. If therefore it fhall be made to appear,
that, fo far from being caufed by age or decay, the appearance of
this plant, as to the principal facts, is the fame throughout all its
ftages; and that it is fubjeét to as little variation as almoft any
other plant, and to much lefs than by far the greater number of
this order of vegetables—if it fhall be demonftrated, that the pe-
culiar appearances cannot originate from the caufes affigned, no
-doubt will remain as to the propriety of Hudfon’s arrangement; and
his fpecies of Lyc. fornicatum will be fully re-eftablifhed in the
rank from which it has been endeavoured to be degraded. :
Io. Mr. Bryant afks, p. 39. ‘ Jf the quadrifidum be a diftinét fpe-
* cies, how comes it to pafs that it is fo very * fcarce; when the head of
€ a fingle plant (if the dufl be allowed to be the feed) is Juficient to pro-
€ duce thoufands; and yet a perfon who fearches on purpofe, where thefe
* How truly philofophical and conclufive is this argument againft the fpecies, drawn
from the fcarcity ! and yet this, curious asit is, is exceeded by another. We are told,
p- 38. that Mr. B. found a quadrifid plant on the top of a bank, on the flope of which fe-
veral of the ftellatum of Linn. or Ray’s plant grew; therefore there was no doubt but they
muf have originated from the fame feed. Xf this argument be allowed, one may undertake
to prove, that the Onopordum Acanthium, and Carduus marianus, certainly proceeded
from the fame feed, becaufe they have frequently been found on the fame bank.
— Vor. II. G © plants
B - \
4 Mr. WoopwarD's Effay towards an
: plants have been reputed to grow, may not meet with one in a whole feafon?"
—He has not then met with it very frequently near Norwich;
but though certainly a rare fpecies, it happens to be by no means.
very fcarce in this neighbourhood; there being feveral fpots in
which it is every year to be found, and fome of thefe four or five
miles afunder. For fome years paft that I have attended to thefe
plants, I have never failed meeting with this in fuch of thefe places
as have been vifited; and in this refpect it is much more certainly
to be found than the ftellatum Linn. which, though much more
common, is rarely met with two years on exactly the fame fpot ;
and for this a reafon will be prefently given. In one place not lefs
than ten of the fornicatum Hudfon or quadrifidum Br. have been
found within a few yards of each other; and of all, which in the
courfe of feveral years I have obferved in different places, not one
varied in the arched form or number of its rays*. But if there
were a plant accidentally difcovered with five or three rays, it would
no more difprove the character of the fpecies, than finding the
Paris quadrifolia with five or three leaves, which is not very un-
common, would difprove the identity of that plant. A fpecimen,
it is true, has been {hewn to me with three rays; but on exami-
nation, it was found that one ray, both of the upper and lower vol-
Va, Was as broad as the remaining two; and they had begun to fplit
at the points, which were feparated for a {mall {pace in each. This
plant was therefore accidentally prevented from taking its proper
form, and yet the arched appearance was preferved, though not
* Some of thefe plants flood on the flat furface of the fummit of a bank, others on
fiopes of very different angles; fome amongft bufhes, others on grafly banks entirely ex-
pofed; all which different fituations Mr. B. fays muff occafion different appearances,
and different expanfons of the rays (pp. 37, 38, 39); and yet every one of thefe pladis
when fully grown correfponded with Blackftone's fig. except in fize.
perfectly
Hiftrory of the Britifb Stellated Lycoper dons. 43,
perfectly regular, and the upper rays ftood upon the tips of the
lower. In this cafe therefore, evidently, exceptio probat regulum.
11. The Lycoperdon ftellatum Linn. and Hudf. with its fuppofed
varieties, and the L. coliforme of Dickfon fafc. 1. remain a confider-
able time in their egg * ftate; during which the top is nearly level
with, or but little elevated above, the furface of the ground; and they
have a root by which they are fixed, and by means of which they
derive the nourifhment neceffary to their growth. When fully
ripe, the volva burfts at the fummit into an indeterminate number
of rays; the plant is turned infide out, what was before the upper
and outer furface becoming the under and inner; it is raifed en-
tirely out of the ground, and refts on the expanded rays of the
volva; the root, no longer of any ufe, being by this expanfion
broken off, and left in the ground. ‘Thus far my obfervations
agree with thofe of Mr. Bryant; but it is by no means a fact, as
that author afferts (p. 17), that they have iben a tendency to raife them-
felves on the tips of their rays; or any prehenfile quality, by which they
endeavour to lay bold of the grafs, mefs, or whatever ts in their wayt.
"The plant being by the procefs juft defcribed abfolutely liberated
from the ground, unlefs accidentally detained, it depends entirely
on the ftate of the atmofphere whether it remains flat or is con-
tracted. If the air be moift, it will probably remain for fome time
* This term is ufed to exprefs the unopened volva, which fomewhat refembles an egg.
A plant of coliforme remained in this ftate apparently unchanged in fize or figure near
four months. ‘This fpecimen, the fineft and largeft hitherto difcovered of tbat curious |
‘paume, d is in the mufeum of Sir J. Banks, P. R.S.
+ Though Mr. B. is fpeaking here of his own ftellatum, which is a different plant from
that of Hudfon, it makes no efiential difference as to thefe obfervations. Whether his plant
remains flat or not, depends equally on the ftate of the atmofphere; but his plant changes
its appearances repeatedly with the changes of the air from moiít to dry, and Hudfon's
when once contracted preferves its form and is never again fully dilated.
G2 - flat;
44 Mr. Woopwarp’s Effay towards an
flat; but if that be dry, the rays will be fpeedily divefted of their
fpongy coat, which will foon crack and peel off, and then they will
foon contract; and, if nothing impede their natural tendency,
will be incurved, and confequently raifed fomewhat upon their tips.
It is evident that if grafs, mofs, or even loofe mould, fhould be under
the plant at this time, fome may be caught up and retained by them,
In dry weather the thick fpongy coat foon cracks, and puts on that
teffelated appearance which is reprefented by Mich. t. 100. f. 6.
and in Mr. Bryant's plate f. 4. in which ftate it has been confidered
by fome authors as a diftinét fpecies: but this appearance is of
{fhort duration, being only the prelude to that coat's peeling off; after
which the plant becoming very light, 1s frequently removed by the
wind far from its native place; which accounts for this fpecies
being rarely found two years together on the fame fpot.
I2. Such is the mode of vegetation common to Lycoperdon
ftellatum and coliforme ; but the fornicatum of Hudfon is of a very
different nature. This plant arifes from a round or egg-fhaped volva,
which is of a thicker fubftance than that of ftellatum, and like that
is fixed in the ground ; but which it does not, like that, quit upon
opening. The fornicatum when ripe fplits at the fummit into four
equal, or nearly. equal parts; the head, with a correfponding
number of rays, is by the opening of the volva raifed from within .
its cavity; and the rays in a fhort time acquiring firmnefs * *, are
fixed in their arched fituation, each refting on its correfponding
* The fpongy coat is not nearly fo thick in this fpecies, on the rays of the plant, as on
the ftellatum of Hudfon, though thicker than on the ftellatum of Bryant; and its pe-
duncle is obfervable when the volva firft burfts. And here it is neceffary again to
caution the reader to remember, that the fornicatum as defcribed by Mr. B. is confidered
as a different plant from that of Hudfon, which I am here defcribing; and that if it be
proved that the latter is not a variety of the former, as he afferts, his defcription of the one
plant has nothing to do with the other, and all his arguments deduced from fuch de-
rem mutt fall to the ground.
fegment
Hifiory of tbe Britifh Stellated Eycoper dons. 45
fegment in the lower volva. In this procefs there is no actual turn-
ing infide out, as happens to the other fpecies; and the lower volva
being undifturbed, the plant remains attached to its fituation, un-
lefs {fome much greater degree of force be applied to it than is fuffi-
cient to remove the ftellatum. - They are therefore but rarely found
loofe, or blown about by the wind; and from this, their being
found for years together on the fame, or nearly the fame, fituation
is to beaccounted for. Their heads are alfo of a much firmer tex-
ture, and do not difcharge the duft or feed with fo much freedom
as the ftellatum ; and to thefe circumítances their greater degree
of fcarcity may reafonably be attributed. The root of this plant is
rarely found adhering; for though the volva does not reverfe itfelf,
as in the ftellatum, it is evident that the fplitting and opening of
the rays may break off the root; or if not, the plant foon after
opening, arrives at its full growth. and perfection, and the root
confequently decays, and is left in the ground when the plant is
taken up. That fuch is the mode of vegetation, I can affert, from
having found a plant very recently opened, in which the head had
arifen from the lower volva, and the rays were acquiring their
arched fituation on the tips of the lower rays. This plant was
perfectly white, and much refembled the figures in Scheffer, t. 183.
f. 1, 2; but on vifiting the {pot again two or three days after, it had
acquired the perfect fhape of the fornicatum, as reprefented in
Blackftone’s figure; the fpongy coat had dried, and was beginning
to fcale; and the whole plant had acquired a deep fufcous colour.
That the figure of this plant did not happen from decay is evident;
and that it was not forced into fuch a fhape by the accidental fall-
ing in of mould, &c. between the coats of the volva, is certain, be-
caufe it grew on a flat furface under the fhelter of a bufh; and nei-
ther grafs, mofs, nor any other fubítance was found in the cavity
of
46 .— Mr. Woopwarn’s Efay towards an
of the volva, or inferted between the arched rays fupporting the
head.
13. That the volva of this plant lies deep in the ground is very
true; that is to fay, the top of the unopened volva is ufually even with
the furface, or perhaps funk juft beneath it; and this very circum-
ftance, which Mr. Bryant adduces as a proof òf its being a variety;
is, from its concomitant circumftances, a moft convincing one of its
being a real fpecies. The opened volva, if the plant has been undif-
turbed, and is not actually loofened and rolling about, which is fel-
dom the cafe, is always buried nearly or quite to its tips in the
eround. From attending to this, it will appear evidently impoffible
that it fhould open in the fame manner as the ftellatum ; which by
its fplitting at the top, and the rays abfolutely reverfing their fitua-
tion, is raifed entirely out of the ground. But Mr. Bryant fays
(p. 38) that, after having raifed themfelves out of the ground,
and actually ftanding on the tips of the rays, the lower fkin fepa-
rates, and forms the bag; € owing to the fun and dry winds getting
“in and caufing the two fkins to flake from each other; tbe confequence of —
* which 13, as the upper cuticle contraëfs, it muft recede from the under,
* and fland upon its tips” It is evident, from this mode of account-
ing for it, that, as the lower volva is always buried in the ground,
the under coat muft recede from the upper, and, by fome unknown
power, again plunge itfelf into the earth, which it had fome time
before fprung out of; for as it is ufually empty, and clear of any
mould or other matter, it is impoffible that any run of a bank fhould
occafion this immerfion : befides, it is often found, as has been before
obferved, on a flat furface, or on banks covered with grafs or mofs,
in either of which fituations it is utterly mp that any run of
the mould could take place.
14. Again: itis evident, that if two plants of the ftellatum ftand
| 8 nearer
Hiffory of tbe Britifo Stellated Lycoperdons. 47
nearer each other than the amount of the femi-diameters of the
circles formed by the expanfion of their refpective rays, and thefe
plants open nearly together, the rays of the laft which expands muft
lie imbricated over the rays of the firft. Or, if they fhould open
at the fame inftant, the rays muft be prevented from their full ex-
panfion, and remain fupported by each other; in which cafe the
heads muft be below, or on a level with the tips of the rayson that
fide, whilft on the other the plants would be fully expanded *.
The fame appearance muft happen to a fingle plant, if in confe-
quence of meeting with any obftruétion it is permitted only to open
partially; of which inftances are given by Mr. Bryant (p- 30—32),
and reprefented in his plate, fig. 16, 17. A ftill ftronger inftance is
given in the fame place, of a plant, which from growing in a hole
was prevented from expanding at all, and remained confequently
with the rays furrounding thehead. Fig. 2. of his plate, though
not given with that defign, well reprefents this; and, with the
others juft quoted, will fully explain and exemplify what is here
allerted; - . …
I5. It feems not very uncommon for the Lycoperdon fornica-
tum to grow in pairs, forming a kind of twin plantt.. I have fe-
veral times met with fuch, and in one particular fpot have for three
fucceflive years found fpecimens anfwering that defcription, One
of thefe, which was gathered in the laft autumn (1790), I have now
the honour of laying before the Society. Thefe plants grew on
the flope of the north fide of a fteep bank, abfolutely free from any
— bufhes or briers, and covered entirely with grafs and mofs, which
prevented the foil from running. The Aa of the ground
E Vide Schæff. t. 182. f. 2. where this is well exemplified. -
_ 4 Batarra, app. p. 74. mentions receiving a twin plant: of this Lycoperdon from a cor-
refpondent. -
on
45 Mr. WoopwARD's Effay towards an
on which thefe ftood, fhould, according to Mr. Bryant (p. 39).
have occafioned an irregularity in the plants. The lower volvæ,
though not abfolutely coalefced, are fo united, that they cannot be
feparated without fome force and damage; it is evident therefore
that they grew clofe together before opening; and from the foil
which ftill adheres, it is farther evident, that they were fixed in the
ground to the tips of the lower volvz. Therefore, had thefe
plants opened in the manner in which the ftellatum is known
and acknowledged to expand, they would have been in the fitua-
tion which is defcribed in the foregoing feétion ; and the heads muft
have been mutually covered or fhaded on the fides where they
touch, by the unexpanded rays, as reprefented in the figures 16.
and 17. there referred to: or rather, as the earth in which they
were funk muft have prevented their expanfion on the fides op-
pofite to thofe on which they touch, they would have been re-
prefented by fig. 2, fuppofing another exactly fimilar figure joined
to it. But as the arch of each is fully and regularly formed, and the
volvz regularly divided ; and as from the fituation on which they
grew, none of the accidental caufes fuppofed by Mr. B. could ope-
rate upon thefe plants; it is evident that the heads, and quadrifid
arched rays, on which they are fupported, muft have arifen from
the volvæ, and fixed themfelves in their prefent form. A careful
infpeétion of the fpecimens, and comparifon of them with the
figures, and with what is here afferted, will, I truft, convince any
unprejudiced obferver, that fuch muft be the mode of growth of
this very extraordinary plant. |
16. The lower volva (or cafe as it really is) is of a thick and
rigid fubftance, extremely different from the thin outer coat of the
ftellatum of Linn. and Hudf. as a bare infpeétion will evince; and
the bottom of this, in the fully-expanded and perfect plant, is gene-
rally
y
ee
4
ti
E]
A
a a ti
Hiflory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdons. 49
rally fattened; the rays are ufually fplit fo far, and are broad and
fhort; whilft thofe which fupport the head are much longer and
narrower, equally fplit to within about half an inch of the head,
and always convex outwardly, and concave inwardly, which occa-
fions them to form rounded angles. The interior furfaces of both
upper and lower volva are fmooth, and fhew no traces of having
been forced afunder: on the contrary, a bare infpeétion muft con-
vince any one, that though they undoubted]y muft have been in
contact, they fhew no appearance of having been united, except at
the tips, where they fo ftrongly adhere, that fome confiderable
force would be neceflary to feparate them *. At this time the
actual meafurements, of what Mr. Bryant fuppofes correfponding
parts, by no means accord; and it would be beyond the art of man,
by moiftening or any other procefs, to bring the upper and lower
rays to be commenfurate with each other. From what caufe it is,
that this growth or extenfion, and this arched form of the upper
rays take place, we know not; but the fact is the fame in all fitua-
tions. It has been fufficiently proved, that this cannot be occa
fioned by the caufes to which Mr. Bryant attributes it; and fo far
from having the appearance of being accidental, the whole looks
much more like a work of art than of nature, and is ufually taken
for fuch by perfons unaccuftomed to botanical fubjeéts. This fur-
prifingly fingular conformation has been looked upon to be the re-
fult of accident and blind chance!
* If the fingular appearance of this plant be owing to the accidental feparation of the
coats of the volva, from decay, and the other caufes to which it is attributed in the pam-
phlet, how happens it that they fo regularly feparate to the tips of the rays only? and
why do not the fame caufes operate to feparate them entirely? It would extremely puzzle
the author of the pamphlet to anfwer this queftion fatisfactorily; and "e whole might be
. refted on this fole argument, were it neceflary.
Vor. IT. ; LE 17. À
MISSOURI
BOTANICAL
GARDEN.
50 Mn. WoopwaAnp's Effay towards an
17. A fufpicion has been before hinted, that Mr. Bryant has been
led into thefe miftakes by finding a ftellated Lycoperdon with a
feffile head, which he with reafon thought muft be a different fpe-
cles from thofe which had pedunculated heads; notwithftanding
Linnzus has quoted as fynonyms to his ftellatum, authors who
have defcribed plants both feffile and pedunculated, without even
allowing this peculiar circumítance to form a variety. This ap-
peared the more likely, as it can hardly be fuppofed, that fo patient
and accurate an obferver could have defcribed as having feflile
heads, plants which are never found without the peduncle; de-
ceived by the thicknefs of the interior (apparently exterior) fpongy
coat of the rays, which it has been before obferved completely
hides the footftalk of the ftellatum of Linn. and Hudfon, when
frefhly opened, and even for fome days, if the plant be foon after
expanding removed into the houfe*. It is therefore not unreafon-
able to conclude, that the plant called Lyc. ftellatum by Mr.
Bryant is actually the fpecies mentioned f. 8, and which will
prefently be more fully defcribed ; as this is the only ftellated Lyco-
perdon with a feflile head which has been met with by other bo-
tanifts in this country, and as the defcription and figures of Mr.
Bryant’s ftellatum perfe&ly accord with this plant. That this is a
perfectly diftin& fpecies from the plant of Ray's fyn. and confe-
. quently from the L. ftellatum of Linn. and Hudf. will not admit
of a doubt; and the fmall variety, which is excellently figured in
Mr. Bryant's plate f. To. is the plant, the rays of which are fo pe-
culiarly fenfible to the effects of moifture or drynefs in the atmo-
fphere. This circumftance has occafioned that author to give thofe
* I have repeatedly brought home recently opened fpecimens, the heads of which
have appeared perfectly feffile, and which have retained that appearance for two or three
days; till, by the drying of the fpongy coat, the peduncle has appeared.
fanci-
Hiftory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdens. SI
fanciful defcriptions of the animal nature of thefe plants (p. 4r
et feq.); an idea which is of itfelf fufficient to convince the cool na-
turalift of the readinefs with which this otherwife ingenious bota-
nift is apt to catch at any thing which interefts his imagination,
To the variations of the atmofphere are alfo to be attributed the
contraction and dilatation of the teeth or cilie furrounding the
mouth in the different fpecies, which remain as long as any duft
is contained in the head; though this circumftance Mr. Bryant
alfo attributes to the animal nature of the plant, and fuppofes to be .
voluntary as long as the plant has life. But unfortunately for his
arguments, which prove rather too much, the prehenfile property
of the claws (for fo are the rays called) is fuppofed to continue
even after death; as one of thefe plants has held an unfortunate
fornicatum of Hudf. * im its mercilefs gripe’ for feveral years in a
drawer of the author's cabinet (p. 45). There can be no neceffity
for entering into any arguments to prove, that thefe appearances
are entirely owing to the coriaceous nature of thefe plants, and that
they are acted upon by a moift or dry air, exactly in the fame man-
ner as any other fubftances of the fame kind. It was neverthelefs
neceffary to take notice of it, as the author builds part of his fyftem
upon it, not only baving an idea, that in the plants juft mentioned
it is fpontaneous; but alfo (p. 17, 18) attributing a furprif-
ing degree of natural elafticity to the rays of his ftellatum, from
the circumftance of one of them difengaging itfelf with great force
from a couple of pens, with which he had endeavoured to expand
the incurved rays, to take a drawing of it*. It evidently appears
that this proceeded entirely from the fame caufe, and not from any
{pontaneous elafticity naturally inherent in the plant, which had
* "The circumftance here mentioned affords an additional proof, that this ftellatum of
Bryant is really the plant mentioned in the beginning of this feétion, and f. 8.
H 2 | been
52 Mr. Woopwanrp's Effay towards an
been removed from its natural fituation on (probably) a moift bank,
and directly brought into a dry room and placed upon a table.
18. This effay has been drawn out to a much greater length
than was at firft thought of, and for this fome ,apology may-be
neceffary: but it muft be confidered, that a principal obje& of it is
to eftablifh the Lycoperdon fornicatum of Hudfon as a fpecies ; and
that it was impoffible to do this effectually, without anfwering the
objections made by the author of * the Hiftorical Account of two
Lycoperdons It muft be farther underftood, that thefe objections
are fcattered through 52 octavo. pages, and that the correfponding
obfervations and arguments are frequently to be fought for at many
pages diftance; and it may then ceafe to be furprifing that it could
not be comprifed in a fhorter compaís, and that fome flight repeti-
tions may have unavoidably crept in. But though already much
too long, indulgence muft be requefted for a word or two more
upon Mr. Bryant's plate, which is abfolutely neceffary before it is
concluded. The figures in this plate from r to 10 inclufive, are
all referred to L. ftellatum,. and from 11 to 20 to fornicatum ; but
it is to be obferved, that the fornicatum of Bryant* is the ftellatum
of Ray's fyn. 27. t. 1. f. 1. and that all thefe figures, except 15 and
20, are profeffedly different appearances of Ray's plant. How
much all thefe differ from the figures in Phil. Tranf. and Blackf.
Sp. bot. and alfo from Sch. 185. will be eafily feen by comparing
them together. All Mr. Bryant's figures, except 15 and 20, fplit
into an uncertain number of rays; and thefe vary in their fepara-
tions, as to the diftance from the head, and form extremely acute
angles with each other. The figures 15 and 20 are declared to be
intended as reprefentations of the fornicatum quadrifidum, or for-
nicatum of Hudfon; and though I would not willingly acufe Mr.
Bryant of having mifreprefented the fpecimens to fupport his own
* Vide antea. Notes to f. 7 and 12.
{yftem,
idia a aia STE NOTE TER TS -" oP RET SL ee ee ee Eu qe PEG "m "
by LI
Hiftory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdens. 53
fyftem, I am under the neceffity of faying, that they do by no
means reprefent the plant fairly. Let a comparifon of thefe figures
with fpecimens be made; and at the fame time a comparifon of the
figures and fpecimens with the figures in Phil. Tranf. and Blackft.
Sp. bot. and the truth of my affertion will evidently appear. Mr.
. Bryant's fig. 15, which i is intended to reprefent a perfect quadrifi-
dum, exhibits the lower rays, or divifions of the volva, equal in
length and breadth to the upper, and fplit abfolutely to the centre.
The upper rays are figured flat, forming acute angles at their junc-
tion, and touching the. lower only. at fome fmall diftance from
ir tips; they are alfo curved in a direction never feen in this
plant, cus recently opened, as figured in Sch. 183. 1. but this
is profeffedly an old fpecimen in a (tate of decay, and rolling about,
the fport of wind and weather (p. 28). From thefe circumftances,
I fhould have been led to fuppofe that Mr. Bryant had a&ually
never feen and examined the real Lycoperdon fornicatum, had I
not been fhewn a fpecimen received from him, which correfponded
exactly with mine, and the figures I have quoted. The only con-
clufion I can. therefore draw (for I am very far from accufing, or
even thinking Mr. Bryant capable of wilful mifreprefentation) i is,
that he may have met with a fpecimen or fpecimens of Ray's
plant, in which fome of the accidents defcribed may ‘have taken
place, and caufed fome variation in the appearance of the plant,
and fome refemblance of the double volva. 'The fpecimen from
which fig. 14 was taken, which feems to have been partially buried
in the ground, may have been of this fort; and with the help. of a
warm imagination, of which ftrong inftances have been given, and
a violent paffion for forming a theory, would afford fufficient ground
for this author to work upon. This is the more probable, as he
has defcribed the Lyc. fornicatum, B. quadrifidum, or fornicatum
of Hudfon's Fl. Ang. to be a plant of extraordinary rarity. But
fuch.
54 : Mn. WooDWARD'; Effay towards an
fuch a circumftance, if it really did happen, would prove nothing
againft the arguments brought in favour of the fpecific character
of that plant.
ENUMERATION.
IT now remains to enumerate the different fpecies of ftellated
Lycoperdons which have been found in this neighbourhood; and
thefe are prefumed to be four. Of thefe, the ftellatum of Linn.
and Hudf. and the fornicatum of Hudfon have been fo amply
treated of in the foregoing pages, that little more remains necef-
fary, than to apply to them fuch fynonyms as really appear to be-
long to the refpective fpecies. This will be an eafy tafk in refpe&
of the fornicatum, which has been mentioned but by very few au-
thors; but great difficulty arifes in adjufting fuch as belong to
ftellatum. Many authors have defcribed a plant of this fort with
a feflile head; and their defcriptions are in general fo vague, and
their fynonyms fo confufed, that it is impoffible to afcertain with
certainty, whether they mean the ftellatum of Linnaeus and Hud-
fon; the Lycoperdon which I fhall call after Schmiedel by the
trivial name of recolligens ; or fome other plant which may be dif-
ferent from both. For thefe reafons I fhall be very fparing of ap-
plying fynonyms to both thefe fpecies. The Lycoperdon coliforme
of Dickfon’s 1ft fafc. makes up the number fpecified.
en ftellatum—Volvà multifidà patente; laciniis i Inequa-
libus, capitulo pedunculato glabro; ore
acuminato dentato. Linn. Sp. pl 1653.
Hud. FL Ang. 643. '
Drag.
— "—
Hiftory of the Briti/h Stellated Lycoperdons. 55
Diagn. The volva is irregularly fplit into an uncertain num-
ber of rays; the head nearly globular, and fupported on a pe-
duncle; the mouth farrounded with ciliæ, converging into a cone; .
and the whole plant of a dirty white generally, but the head fome-
times tinged flightly with grey.
As Linnæus has quoted Ray, there can be no doubt but his
ftellatum is the fame as Hudfon's; but fome of the fyn. quoted in
Sp. pl. and his other works are doubtful, the head in them being
defcribed feffile.
Fungus pulverulentus crepitus lupi diétus, coronatus et inferne
ftellatus. R. Syn. 27. 1. 1. f. 1.— This is the beft reprefentation of
this plant I have hitherto feen.
Lycoperdon fornicatum. Bryant's Hifi. Acc. of two Lycoperdons,
jf: 12. 13. 14. 16. 17. are undoubtedly to be referred here from his
own authority.
Lycoperdon fornicatum. Relhas Fi. Cantal. 981. rejecting the
fyn. of Hudfon, Scheffer, and Batarra.
Schmiedel Ic. pl. 46. certainly belongs to ftellatum. P4 43. exactly
refembles Schaef: fig. t. 182, and is therefore doubtful.
© Pollich. palat. 1197. exa@tly copies Linnæus. The above are
all the authors, which have fallen under my obfervation, that I
can fafely quote to this fpecies.
Schaffer t. 182. Thefe figures extremely refemble our plant re-
cently opened, and before the peduncle becomes vifible, but the head
is defcribed as feffile; and yet the author refers to Raï fyn. and the
fig. of Dillenius, which makes it probable that he had not well
confidered, and had not very clear ideas of thefe plants. It may
poffibly be fome fpecies which has not yet fallen under my ob-
—. fervation.
Hall. Helv. 2174. Lye. cortice exteriori revoluto ítellato. No
notice is taken by this author, whether the head be pedunculated
or
56 Mr. WoopwAnp's Effay towards an
or feffile; and the fyn. are fo contradictory, that nothing can be
made out from them. He quotes Eph. nat. cur. ann. 4. obf. 92.
which is Lyc. fornicatum Hudf. for this fpecies. Mich. t. 100. f. 6.
with the teflelated rays is alfo mentioned as a variety, and alfo the
plant with the rays again divided, f 5. |
Scop. carn. 1633 and 1634, enumerates two fpecies, of which the
firft from the fpecific character fhould be recolligens; but the
diagn. contradicts this, and his fyn. will not help the difficulty. He
quotes Hamb. Mag. tom. 5. p. 411. f. 1. for this fpecies, and f. 403.
J: 5. for coronatum; but thefe figures, which are very bad, repre-
fent the fame plant. : The references for coronatum are quite con-
tradi&ory 5 as it is impoffible that Sch. 182. 1. Bat. 30. 1. and Mich.
100. 3. can all reprefent the fame plant, and Sch. 182. 1. and 182.
2. differ but in fize from each other. The coronatum is defcribed as
growing on decayed trees, for fo I muft underftand * 7s truncis* to
mean, and none of our ftellated Lycoperdons are ever found in this
fituation.
Mich. nov. gen. 220, 1. 100. f. 1—6. Geafter. This author has
defcribed and figured fix fpecies. One of thefe, No. 3. f. 2. is de-
fcribed as having a fhort peduncle; but neither defcriptions nor
figures point out whether the heads of the reft are feffile or pedun-
- culated, No. t. f. I. is doubtfully referred to R. fyn. but from the
number and regularity of the rays, the form of the head and
mouth, and the apparent tendency of the rays, as reprefented in
the plate, to turn upwards, it more refembles recolligens. No. 4
f. 4. exa@ly refembles f. 1. except that it has fix rays only ;
. and the mouth is quite naked; a circumftance which prevents its
being fafely referred to any Britifh fpecies. No. 3. f. 2. fomewhat
refembles the fmall variety of ftellatum; but the head is {carcely
flat enough, and the peduncle is not foras: No. 2. f. 3. feems to
be really —— No. 5. f. 5. refembles ftellatum with the rays -
2 fplit,
ee 7 : à
sé sel suc dédie à PROP »- UMEN. PRE NT TP ETS
Hiftory of the Briiijb Siellaied Lycoperdons. s.
fplit, but the mouth of this is alfo naked; as is f. 6. which from
the number of rays and fhape of the head might be otherwife recol-
ligens. None of thefe can therefore be fafely quoted for ftellatum,
Bocc. Muf. t. 305. f. 4. is very doubtful.
Buxb. Cent. 2. 1. 49. f. 3. is fo bad a figure that it cannot be
quoted with any certainty; it approaches neareft to ftellatum of
Sch. 1. 182.
Dalib. Paris. 390. is impoffible to afcertain, as he has neither
defcription nor Here
L 347.619. quotes R. fyn. t. 1. f. x. and Mich, t. 100.
K 1,2, 3. ki is P therefore uncertain whether his plant be ftellatum
Linn. and Hudf. or not.
Tourn. Inf. R. H. 563. t. 331. is referred to Boce. Muf: The figure
is fo bad, that it cannot be at all determined.
Vaill. Paris. 123. Lyc. veficarium ftellatum is referred to Tourne-
fort without any defcription.
FI, Dan. 360. may be fome new fpecies; it certainly M not at
all refemble our ftellatum. l
Glediifth. p. 15T. has feveral varieties : but his fpecies is probably
to be referred to ftellatum; though, as he gives no figures, it is
doubtful.
Obf. When frefh opened the head is ufually more orlefs depreffed,
and often fomewhat oval ; but when the thick coat is either peeled
off, or dried upon the rays, the head ufually becomes globular, and
` refembles the figure in R. fyn. and the plant then appears fo different,
that a perfon unaccuftomed to obferve. them would fcarcely be-
lieve it could be the fame. The peduncle is generally thickened
at the top and the bottom, and fmalleft in the middle, or, as it
may be called, doubly club-fhaped; but fometimes it is cylindrical. "
From thefe different. appearances, this plant has been differently
Vor. H. I defcribed
58 Mr. Woopwarn's Effay towards an
defcribed by various authors; but probably the fame, or fome
flight variety, has been intended by the greater part of them:
. ANGL. Star puff-bail—An various places near Bungay in the fpring
and autumn, and the winter if it be mild.
8 minor—The only permanent variety I have met with here,
and which certainly is not diftinét, may be characterifed—capitulo
juperne plano, ore acuminato, ciliis. longioribus, See Bryant s. Hifl. Acc.
J- 19. the head only, but admirably well expreffed. -
This elegant little variety grows on dry banks, ufually amongft
ivy, and feldom exceeds an inch or an inch and half in the dia-
meter of its expanded rays. The colour is dark brown; the head
flat on the top; and the mouth furrounded with long ciliz, form-
ing a very fharp cone; the peduncle is longer in proportion to the
fize of the plant than in a.
Mich. t. 100. f. 2. may poffibly be this plant. It is found in Ditch- .
ingham, Earíham, and other places near Bungay. :
Lycoperdon recolligens — Volva multifida patente, /acinits aqui
libus; capitulo depreffo - fphærico,
Jeli; ore acuminato.
Diagn. Rays of the volva equal, 5 to 7, rarely more; when dry,
reflected over the head; head feffile.
Lycoperdon volvans recolligens. Schmiedel Icones plant, 27, 28.
J. 20 to 31. rejeéting the fyn. which are doubtful. The defcri
tion. is extremely good; but the plant is figured and defcribed with
rays from 5 to20, equal or unequal, entire and fplit, which cir-
cumftances do not entirely accord with the Englifh fpecimens; and
poflibly the author may have confounded two fpecies together. He
fays ot the head, ‘ * Capitulum. feu globulus volvæ medio firmiter innafci-.
* tur, Je effilis, abfque. pedunculo a aliquali + which perfectly agrees with
our plant.
Lycoperdon ftellatum.—Bulliard, Plantes de la France, 1.238
2 Lyco-
Hyfory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoper dons. 59
Lycoperdon ftellatum—Bryant’s Hif. Acc. of two Lycoperdons—
J- 39 4 5, 6. 10. The fpecific character of Mr..Bryant’s Lyc. ftell.
* capitulo albido fefili” fo entirely agrees with this fpecies, and his fig.
10. is fo excellent a reprefentation of the fmall fpecimens, and the
others here quoted very good ones of the large ones, with which
the account, p. 43, 44, alío well accords, that F can have no doubt
in referring his plant here.
+ Lycoperdon ftellatum—Re/ban FJ. Cantab. 980. admitting only
the fyn. of Bryant and Micheli.
Mich, 1. 100. perhaps 1.46
Off: The volva is ufually divided into 5, 6; or 7 rays, which are
equal, or nearly fo, of a chefnut colour on the upper fide when ex-
panded, and filvery white beneath. The head fpherical, confider-
ably depreffed, perfectly feffile, of a yellowiih white or pale ftraw-
colour; the mouth ciliated, and. ufually furrounded with a circle
of a paler colour; and a fimilar circle is often obferved on the up-
per part of the rays furrounding the head. The rays when moift are
regularly inflected, as reprefented in the figures of Bryant and Bul-
liard; but when dry are reflected, and entirely cover the head. If
they are kept in a dry place, they will at any time undergo thefe
changes, by placing them in a faucer with a fmall quantity of water,
and again drying them; but the changes are quicker, and more
certain in the fmall plants, than in the large ones. The diameter
of thé expanded rays varies from one inch to three or four, and the
fize of the head from that of a pea to an inch diaineters 0o tpi |
AnGeL. Higrometric puff ball —Ditchingham and Earfham, Norfolk;
Mettingham, Suffolk, near Bungay. Spring and autumn.
Lycoperdon coliforme—Volva multifida patente,capitulo depreffo-
fphærico, pedunculis ofculifque nume-
rofis. Dickfon, Fafe. plant, crypt. 1. 24.
t. 3. f.4.—Witb. Bot. arr. ed. 1. 783%.
. * Ed. 2. vol. 3. 460.
I 2 Fungus
6o ~ Mn. WoopwAnp's Effay towards an
- Fungus pulverulentus coli inftar perforatus. R. fn. 27. rejecting
the fyn. of Tournefort. | :
- Diagn. Thevolva multifid, rays irregular, mouths and peduncles
numerous.
. Off. The head is in the large fpecimens confiderably depreffed ;
in the fmall ones nearly fpherical; of a whitifh colour, and covered
with a thin tunicle of a moft beautiful filvery grey, peculiar to this
fpecies, but fimilar to that which forms the outer coat of the re~
colligens. The mouths are numerous, flightly elevated, and
fringed with fine hairs. The peduncles, which do not appear till
the thick fpongy coat dries or peels off, are numerous, woody,
filiform or ftrap-fhaped; and appear to bear fome kind of propor-
tion to the number of the mouths, though there are no correfpond-
ing cells. In the fmall fpecimens the mouths and peduncles are
few. It has been doubted whether thefe mouths might not be ac-
cidental, and formed by infeéts after the expanfion of the plant.
But this (not to mention their regularity, and that each is fur-
rounded by its border of ciliæ) is clearly difproved, from the
marks of the projections formed by the mouths being feen on the
expanded rays, when frefhly opened, as reprefented in Dickfon, 7. 3.
Sf: 4 ad litt. b. 1 have likewife found an abortive plant, in which
the feed did not ripen; but which had numerous projecting
papillæ on the head, where the mouths fhould have been formed.
The volva of this Lycoperdon is funk deep into the ground, the
fummit being on a level with, or very little elevated above, the fur-
face. On taking one up, it was found to be nearly globular, but
flightly depreffed ; of a dirty white, wrinkled and fcaly; with a
fhort thick root terminated by a few fmall fibres. When cut open,
this confifted of a foft coriaceous coat, within which was another
thicker, and of a much tougher fubftance, filled with a white curd-
like fubftance, of a very difagrecable fmell. This was fo young
that
t
|
Tug RS D ee ay en SIR n ee SMe a PTE ee I NON nae
|
i
Hifiory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdons. 61
that theré was no appearance of the head. They remain a confi-
derable time in this ftate, appearing to ripen flowly: one which was
difcovered about the middle of Auguft, remained unchanged to the
end of November; when it was found fully expanded, and refting
on the furface of the ground, i in which it had been before buried.
"This had been vifited the preceding day, and not any alteration
had been then obferved in it. It appears therefore, that when
ripe, the change is very fudden ; and that the head, prefling againft
. the interior part of the volva, and probably aflifted by the action
of the fun fo "on which-it expanded was remarkably
bright ‘and fine), the outer coat fuddenly gives way, is fplit into an -
indeterminate number of rays; the root is broken off, and left in
the ground; and the plant being turned infide out, is neceffarily
raifed upon the furface, what was before the outer and upper part
of the volva being now next to the ground. This, which has been
before (f. 11.) defcribed as the mode of expanfion of the ftellatum,
is alfo common to thefe with the recolligens.
Ancr. Cullender puf-dall.—Gillingham and Earfham, Norfolk ;
Bungay, and Mettingham, Suffolk. In the autumn. I have never
met with a frefhly opened fpecimen of this fpecies at any other
feafon.
Lycoperdon fornicatum—Volva quadrifida fornicata; capitulo pe-
dunculato, glabro; ore "WES ciliato.
Hudf. Fl. Ang. 644.
Diagn. The volva quadrifid, and remaining in the ground when
opened. The head globular, pedunculated, and elevated upon four
arched rays, refting on the tips of the divifions of the volva; the
mouth open, and furrounded with ciliæ, forming a cylinder; the frefh
plant white; but the whole foon changing to a dark brown.
Geafter volvæ radiis et operculo elevatis, Wat/ox Phil. Tranf. vol.
43e f» 234- f. 2. f. 11 and 12.
Fungus
ős Mr. WoopwaARD's Effay, &c.
Fungus pulverulentus turriculam fornicatam referens, B/achf.
-Sp. Bot. p. 24. f. 2. a very good figure, but larger than the plant is
ufually found.
Fungi monftrofæ ac infolitæ forme. Rayger. Eph, nat. cur. dec.
I. ann. 4. obf. 90. :
Lycoperdon coronatum Sch, ¢. 183. exceedingly good figures of
the plant recently opened, and before it changes its colour. The
defcription is tolerably accurate; but the fyn. are all to be rejected
except Batarra. Xx |
Geafteroides. Batarra fung. app. 74. t. 39. f. x and 4 excepting
the root; f. 3. feems imaginary. A twin plant is mentioned by this
author.
Lycoperdon fornicatum B. quadrifidum. Bryant's Hf. Acc. f. 18.
L. feneftrati var. 8 andy Bat/ch. El, Fungor. 243. t. 29. fv 168. a. b.
ANGL. Turret puff bal]. —Earíham, Ditchingham, Brome, and Gil-
lingham, Norfolk; Bungay; Suffolk.—In the autumn.
Postscripr. It was at firft intended to add, by way of appendix,
fome obfervations upon the Lycoperdon Carpobolus; which, if
really a Lycoperdon, more properly belongs to this, than any other
divifion of the genus. The prefent paper has, however, extended to
fo much greater a length than was originally thought of, that the
author muft referve what he had to offer upon the Carpobolus for
fome future leifure, if the prefent communication fhould be thought
worthy of the notice of the Society.
VI, À
I 01 J
E
E
| VIII. A new. Arrangement of Papilios, in a Letter ta the Profident, By
Mr, William Jones; F. L. S.
Read Yuly 5$, 1791: :
Dear + side
AY I prefume to offer to the confideration of the gexticitien of
: the Linnean Society fome remarks upon Linnzus’s divifion of
the genus of Papilio, and to point out obvious diftinétions by which
they may be claffed with :more certainty? From the fhape of the
wings, a’ principal charaétér with Linnzus, though various, yet in
that variety fo gradually approáching each other, I find it impoffible'
to draw the diftinguifhing line: I therefore apply to anatomy for
fuch charaéters as may with certainty diftinguifh each family from
the others. The fpecimens that had been infpeéted by that great
obferver of nature were few in proportion to thofe fince known; it
was difficult therefore to afcertain, with the precifion neceffary,
thofe diftinétions that a further and more extenfive acquaintance
with a far greater number afforded ; and yet, though his charaéters `
. were not: fufficiently marked, they have gone far to lay a founda-
tion for a more correct divifion ; and that, fo far from raifing new
difficulties, I think points out the very fcheme.more clearly which
Linnzus himfelf had adopted, and would have further elucidated,
had. he feet more on the fame fubjeét ; for it may be prefumed he
was: acquainted: with very few miord:than he had in his laft edition
: of his Sytema defcribed, only 274 Papilios; an inconfiderable num-
aoa | | : ber
64 MR. JoxEs's new Arrangement of Papilios,
ber if brought in comparifon with what I have feen, viz. above 1000,
in the various cabinets in London, and above 400 more in various
plates publifhed by different authors: it is not to be wondered that he
had not entered into the minutiæ of thofe diftinétions which appear
evident upon a farther infpection to feparate the particular fami-
hes. .The great leading outlines therefore only ftruck him, and
thefe have occafioned the miftakes that he has run into refpeéting
fome of the Achivi, which when reétified, with a few others in the
- other divifions, his arrangement will be clear and decifive. But
without attending to thefe remarks it is liable to error, as may
be feen by Fabricius, who happening to defcribe a Papilio from
two different cabinets, placed it once with the Equites and once
with the Danai Feftivi, with either of which it might be claffed by
adhering only to Linnæus’s indefinite characters.
I am confirmed in my fentiments hereon by obferving what both
Linnzus and Mr. Yeats fay of Papilio Apollo, viz. that the larve
of this Papilio have two horns fituated on its neck like thofe of many
of the Equites, with which family I place it; clearly fhewing that
the families may not only be diftinguifhed in the perfect infect,
but have frequently, if not generally, a diftinguifhing character in
the larvæ alfo, and that thefe diftinétions are not imaginary, but
certain and fpecific. I have therefore given in the following re-
marks, Linnzus's characters, adding only what will more certainly
fix the limits or marks of each family.
Equires. The upper wings are longer from the pofterior angle
to the point, than to the bafe: the antenna often
filiform.
; Correéted by faying
the upper wings are longer from the pofterior angle to
the point than tothe bafe, occafioned by having four
nerves inftead of three, vifible in every other family—
5 Eaui-
E:
ie s
»
Vor. II.
Mn. JoNEs's new Arrangement of Papilios. 6$
the palpi frequently only a brufh—under wings
with a conne&ing nerve in the centre, and without an
abdominal groove.
"T hefe diftinétions will evidently preferve this family
from all others by having charaéters peculiar to itfelf,
but will occafion the removal of Teucer, Idomeneus,
Menelaus, Achilles, Neftor (with Patroclus, which I
have my doubts of being a Papilio), and a few more
from the Achivi, to the Danai and Nymphales with
— XMhiehrthéy more propetly ought to be arranged. It
will alfo bring to this divifion from the Heliconi,
Apollo and Mnemofyne; and from the Nymphales,
Rumina, Panope, Diffimilis, and perhaps one or two
more. —— I remark there is not one arranged with the
Troes but what is truly an Eques.
Upon looking over Cramer, I obferve, ho had been
“under equal difficulties with myfelf; that he had added
to the Equites, Panope, Diffimilis, and fome others,
as I have done; from the Achivi he had feleéted many,
and formed a new divifion called Argonauts, which
feems compofed of fuch as truly belong to the
Nymphales, and have been placed with the Achivi, ap-
parently only for their fize and beauty. Defcribing
Xiphares (which Mr. Fabricius has placed with the
Achivi), he fays “ Selon la divifion de Mr. Linnæus
celui-ci, comme le Pap. Jafon, Pyrrhus, & plufieurs
autres qui les refemblent, appartiendroient aux Cheva-
liers Grecs: mais le caractere diftinétif & . fufmen-
tionné des pattes, les font ranger, felon moi, dans une
autre, ou dans une famille ne des Papillons
diurnes.” |
K HELI-
66 Mn. Jones's new Arrangement of Papilios,
Heziconiu. Wings marrow, entire, often naked. or deprived of
{cales; the upper wings long, the inferior fhort—*
Add,
with a connecting nerve in the centre; very flightly
grooved, to admit the abdomen, which is in general
long, as are alfo the antenna,
Danai. Wings entire—
Add,
the under with a conneéting nerve in the centre, and
a deep abdominal groove; palpi projected.
As I before remarked under the Equites, that the
Troes had each of them the character aífigned to the
Equites, it was neceffary the Achivi fhould have the
fame. So in the Danai Candidi, as every fpecimen de-
fcribed by Linnæus has the fame character, viz. the
' connecting nerve, it is neceflary alfo that the Danai
Feftivi fhould have the fame.
NYvMPHALES. Wings denticulated—
Add,
the under without a conneGting nerve in the centre, and
With a deep abdominal groove, palpi projected.
N. B. The terms of fubintegerrimus to fome of the
Danai, and fubdentatus to fome of the Nymphales,
approach fo near as to confound the one family with
the other; but the conne&ing nerve in the centre of
the wing is a certain diftinguifhing character between
the Danai and Nymphales.
PLEBEI, Small. s
Rurales—Spots on the wings pbbs: |
Urbicole—Spots on the wings for the moft part tranf-
parent.
ym
Mn. JoNzs's new Arrangement of Papihos. o6;
As fize can be no diftinétion to form a character, each
family being of various dimenfions, it is neceffary to point
out à character which others do not partake of, and
which may eafily be done, having even been noticed by
Mr. Yeats in his Inftitutions of Entomology, p. 132, yet al-
together not quite fufficiently—his words are as follows :
** The family of the Plebeii is very inaccurate, and con-
“ tains infeéts very different from one another, at the
& fame time that they refemble, and have all the cha-
€ ractere-of fome or other of the preceding ones, under
€ which many of them, I think, might be properly arrang-
** ed, The remaining Plebeii would compofe a family very
** diftin& from all the others, and which might be formed
* into two feétions ; the firft containing {mall butterflies,
& having longand flexible or weak tails, (lender bodies, and
* clubbed antenna, as Cupido, Marfyas, Boeticus, &c.
* the other diftinguifhed by the fhortnefs, thicknefs, or
€ breadth of their head, thorax and abdomen, and by
ni Æéthéfhape-of their. upper wings, which in thefe laft are
“ pointed at their extremity, and long in proportion to
«€ their width, as the Proteus, Phidias, &c.
& The antenna in this laft divifion are generally un-
«€ cinated or crooked at their extremity; fome of them
* have likewife tails, but thefe are very broad and
“ ftrong, and are always ciliated, or edged with a fringe
& of hairs, as in the Proteus, &c." :
They may therefore be thus divided :
PLEBEI Rurales Thorax and abdomen flender; under wings
without a connecting nerve; antennæ clubbed.
—with long, weak, flexible tails.
—without tails, wings entire.
K 2 Prz-
68 MR. Jones’s new Arrangement of Papilios.
Preggit Urdicole—Thorax and abdomen fhort, thick, or broad;
| under wings without a connecting nerve; antennæ
uncinated or crooked at the extremity.
—with upper wings pointed at the extremity, and long
in proportion to their width.
—upper wings lefs extended, and together with their
under wings more rotund, with their margins entire.
Thus far nearly agreeable to Lannzus; yet there remain a few
that cannot (if the foregoing directions are ftriétly attended to) be
ranked with any divifion before mentioned,; for which it is ne-
ceffary to invent à new term, and to arrange feparately, immedi-
ately after the Equites, as partaking more of that divifion than any
other. I therefore call them. :
RoMANI.
By fo doing I take from the Equites all that have filiform antennæ,
Their characters ftand thus: Size in general large, without an ab-
dominal graove ; no connecting nerve; their antennz generally acu-
minated; the veins of both upper and under wings going from
their root to the extremity, nearly in ftraight lines. To this di-
vifion I bring from Linnzus's Equites, Leilus, Orontes, and Patro-
clus; and from Fabricius's Danai Feftivi—Licas, Syphax, Evalthe,
and Cochrus, and a few others not yet defcribed. 'Thefe few re-
marks can leave no doubt to what divifion any Papilio fhould be
referred, ‘The connecting nerve is the moft important character
of all.
ANTENNE
Mr. Jonus’s new Arrangement of Papilios, 69
ANTENNE
PALPI
pers
ALE
clubbed - - -
uncinated or crooked .
acuminated or filiform
projected - - - -
a bruh - = - -
fuperiores 3 nerves: - -
4 nerves - - «- -
nerves nearly in ftraight
E Vou som
inferiores, with a groove
flightly grooved - -
nogroove - - - -
with a connecting nerve
without a connecting-
"THoRAx and Aspomen flender - -
i i
4 | er ©
oc
1€ 1
J| [les
is^ AUE
e} f} © » | ©
bo - Fi
EEE | ol ge l'E |
Slate DA EISI
#) 212 |] B EA,
oy oly | aie | y te
AIM ILIAIZ ipa
—
*
—À
—
"Ts en ja
1
fhort, thick or broad -
See Tas, VIIL
EX. Deferip-
(78. 3
IX. Defcriptions of feveral Specieh of Pancratium. By Richard Anthony
| eren Efz. F. L. 5.
ijt i
Read Nov. 1, ji
EX Pancratii fpecies apud noftrates cultas, non folummodo ab
auctoribus invenio confufas, verum enimvero earum characteres
communes in differentia fpecificà adduétos ; quas ergo iterum ad-
umbrare necnon paulo fufius defcribere, operz pretium videtur.
Maritimum. Tab. Q. 3
I; P. foliis linearibus glaucis: corolle tubo cylindraceo, /uperne
angulato; laciniis tubo brevioribus, patenti-recurvis, lineari-lanceo-
latis, bafi corone adnatis : coronz finubus groffe 2-dentatis.
Pancratium maritimum. Cav. Ic. v. i p. 4x. f. 56. mala. Pancra-
tium verecundum. S»/and. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. i. p. 412. Pancratium
. maritimum. Linn. Sp. pl. ed. 2. p. 418. Pancratium carolinianum.
Linn. Sp. pl. ed. 2. pe 418. Lilio-narciffus polyanthos, &c. Cafefb.
Hift. Carol. v. 2. append. pe $. t. s. Hemerocallis valentina. CY/.
Hifl. pl. lib. 2. p. 167. cum Ic.
Sponte nafcentem infra Montpellier littoribus arenofis abunde legi
anno 1786.
Floret fine Juli, Augufto.
Planta ri-pedalis. Folia 6 vel 7, 2-faria, bafi ipfà vaginantia,
mou plus minus tortuofa, linearia, integerrima, obtufa,
SE 6 utrinque
RN i iK i ei
ee
————
CLITLAE PRAUDPPA
J’
Mr. Saurspury’s Defériptions, &c. —— i
utrinque glabra cum rore aliquo, paululum ftriata, planiufcula, car
nofa. Flores fuaveolentes, Fafciculus 6-10-florus. Pedunculus 1,
dilute glaucus, ab uno latere inter folia radicalis, ere&us, com-
preffus, obtufus nec anceps, levis. Bra@ex congenerum. Ger-
men pedicellatum, ovale, 3-gonum. Corolla—Tubus dilute viridis,
cylindraceus, fuperne ungulatus—Limbus niveus, tubo paulo bre-
vior, patenti-recurvus: Laciniæ difco ufque ad medium coronz ad-
natz, lateribus inferne rcflexis, lineari-lanceolatæ, integerrimæ, ob-
tufe mucronate—Corona (Nectarium Linn.) nivea, limbo paulo
brevior, infundibuliformis, apice patula, finubus groffe 2-dentata—
levis, marcefcens. Filamenta breviffima, vix dentibus coronz al-
tiora, incurva, fubulata. | dee:
Cultum rariffime florét : iconem noftram fub fole ardente incom-
mode delineavi ; plerafque notas fideliter exhibet, attamen rudis eft,
`
& parum admodum mihi placens.
$ Wano + Lot mn CTub ao... Lors
2. P. foliis lanceolatis, glabris: corolle tubo teretiufculo denfe
frriate ; laciniis tubo longioribus, recurvis, linearibus, egualiter conca-
vis: coronz finubus /igulé z-fidå.
Pancratium excifum. Linn. fi. MSS. Pancratium declinatum.
Jacq. Hort. Vind. v. 3. p. 31. t. 10. Narciffus americanus, &c. Com-
mel, Hort. Amp. v. 2. p. 173. t. 87.
In Guiana forte fpontaneum. D
Floret bis anno, cito poft equinoéha.
Planta 2-pedalis. Folia 9— 12, viridia, 2-faria, bafi ipfà vaginan-
tia, recurva, lanceolata, integerrima, obtufiufcula, utrinque glabra
tenue ftriata, canaliculata, bafi carinata, carnofa. Flores fragrantes,
Fafciculus 10o-15-florus. Pedunculus 1, dilute glaucus, inter folia
interiora, quibus paulo: brevior, radicalis, primo erectus, poft flo-
refcentiam deflexus, valde compreffus ancepfque, glaber cum rore,
ftri-
ge
72 Mz. Sazispurv's Defcriptions of `
ftriatulus, folidus. Braéteæ congenerum. Germen lete viride,
feffile, ovale, 3-gonum, glabrum. Corolla —'T'ubus dilute viridis,
t-pollicaris, teretiufculus, denfe ftriatus — Limbus niveus, tubo
+ longior, recurvus: Laciniz fubæquales, lineares, integerrimæ, ob-
tufe mucronatz, expanfione æqualiter concavæ, lateribus bafeos
paululum conduplicate—Corona nivea, limbo paulo plus quam 3
brevior, infundibuliformis, bafi tubo contractior, finubus in ligulam
fepius 2-fidam producta, rugofula, tenuis, levis, marcefcens. Fila=
menta corona bis altiora. |
Cum plures fpecies pedunculo in fructu zque declinato gaudent,
nomen Jacquinianum non retinui.
Fragrans, ‘Tab, 11.
3. P. foliorum petiolis latis: corollæ tubo 6-angulo, efiriato ; laciniis
tubo longioribus; recurvis, linearibus; alternis concavioribus : coronæ
finubus repando-emarginatis.
Narciffus totus albus latifolius, &c. Mart. Decad. p. 27. cum Kc.
. Narciffus totus albus latifolius, &c. Sloan. Hif. Fam. v. 1. pi 244?
Ex Inf. Barbadoes fæpius accepi.
Floret circa equinoétia.
Planta 1:-pedalis. Folia 7— 10, viridia, Meer ende lati, bafi
vaginantes, patentes, femiteretes—Laminæ petiolis multo longiores,
recurvæ, lanceolatæ, integerrimz, obtufz, paululum canaliculatæ—
glabra potiffimum fupra, carnofa. Flores valde fragrantes. Fafci-
culus 7-12-florus. Pedunculus r, dilute glaucus, inter folia interiora,
quibus paulo brevior, radicalis, poft florefcentiam verfus terram de-
flexus, compreffus, anceps, glaber cum rore, ftriatulus, folidus.
Bra&ez congenerum. Germen late viride, breve pedicellatum,
ovale, 3 gonum, glabrum cum rore. Corolla — Tubus dilutiffime
viridis, 2 j- pollicaris, 6-angulus angulis alternis anguftioribus, non
ftriatus yt in aliis— Limbus niveus, tubo: longior, recurvus: Laciniæ
lineares
" *
"
" d
i
x 3 1 * € Í T +
à 4 i [ i \ ^ He
: id \ 4 Y
: E f M \ :
à ie d i! il \ /
i oe PI i u
4 ji EURE | Hn à
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LIP E ji À
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: ae | E
: ; : se y LI ni å ;
ae a nt 9 à i E Eos
ce n ue i: ! , : ` a
& : Ae a 3 3 J { Es
Several Species of Pancratiutte 73
lineares, intezerrimz, obtufe mucronatæ, exteriores parum angul-
tiores et multo concaviores—Corona nivea, limbo 2 brevior, infun-
dibuliformis, bafi tubo contraétior, finubus repando-emarginata,
quandoque attamen in ligulam 2-fidam producta more præce-
dentis, rugofula, tenuis—levis, marcefcens. Filamenta corona 4
altiora. [^ | CIE
Ex fynonymis citatis dubiis, et Commeliniano quod antecedentis,
fuum Pancratium caribeum propofuit Linné,
| Spectofum. Tab. 12.
4. P. foliorum petiolis angu/fis > corollz tubo 3-angul rare frriatoy
laciniis tubo longioribus, patenti-recurvulis, linearibus, alternis conca-
Vicribus ; coronz finubus /igu/4 2-fidd.
Pancratium fpeciofum. Linn. fi). MSS.
Floruit hactenus in noftro caldario tantum menfe Oéobris.
Planta 1 $-pedalis. Folia 9—12, viridia, 2-faria— Petioli angufti,
. bafi dilatatà vaginantes, recurvi, lineares, femiteretes, fi upra plani—
Lamine petiolis 3-plo longiores, recurve, lanceolatz,. integerrimæ,,
obtufz, ftriatz, concaviufculæ, verfus bafin. carinate—fupra glabra,
fubtus Iævia, carnofa. Flores fragrantes. Fafciculus T1-15-florus,
denfus. Pedunculus 1, dilute viridis, inter folia inferiora quibus paulo
brevior radicalis, multo latior quam in aliis, fub florefcentià erectus,
poftea declinatus, compreffus, altero latere planiore, anceps, glaber,
tenuiflime ftriatulus, folidus. Braéteæ interiores valde late, cæte-
rum congenerum. Germen pedicellatum, fubovale, 3-angulum, gla-
brum. Corolla—Tubus 3-pollicaris, cylindraceus, 3-angulus, rare
ftriatus, melle inundatus—Limbus niveus, tubo 2 longior, patenti
recurvulus: Laciniæ latitudine fubæquales, lineares, integerrimæ,
exteriores longiores & concaviores, magifque mucronatæ— Corona
nivea, limbo 2 1 brevior, infundibuliformis, bafi tubo contractior,
medio finuum in ligulam cuneiformem fæpius 2-fidam producta,
rugofula, tenuis—lævis, marcefcens. Filamenta corónà 1 : altiorá.
Vor. II. 3 L Dig-
æ
74 MR. SALISBURY’ Deferiptions of
Dignofcas primo intuitu latitudine bractearum interiorum.
Littorale. Tab. 13.
8e P. foliis lineari-lanceolatis, glabris: corolla tubo 3-angulo,
7-8-pollicari; laciniis tubo brevioribus, bafi coronæ adnatis, recurvis;
linearibus; coronæ finubus repandis.
Pancratium littorale. Fac. Hort. Vind. v. 3. p. At. t 75. bona.
. Pancratium littorale. Yacg. Hifi Amer. p. 99. t. 179. f 94. Pan-
cratium foliis enfiformibus, &c. Trew Pl. Select. p. 6. t. 27. bona.
Sponte nafcentem in Inf. Tierra Bomba, littoribus arenofis copiofe
legit Nic. Jot. Jacquin. |
Floret Octobri, Novembri, | =
Planta 3-pedalis vel plus, Folia 9-12, bifaria, baf ipfà vaginan-
tia, erecto-recurva, lineari-lanceolata, integerrima, obtufiufcula,
utrinque glabra, convexa, verfus bafin carinata, carnofa. Flores
fragrantes. Fafciculus 7-10-florus. Pedunculus r, dilute glaucus,
inter folia inferiora quibus paulo brevior radicalis, fub florefcentia
erectus, poftea declinatus, compreffus, anceps, glaber cum rore cæfio,
{triatus, folidus. Braéteæ congenerum. Germen feflile, oblongum,
. 3-gonum, glabrum. Corolla — Tubus dilute viridis, 7-8-pollicaris,
obfolete 3-gonus, ftriatulus — Limbus niveus, tubo ; brevior, re-
_ curvus: Laciniz fubæquales, lineares, integerrimz, obtufe mucro-
natæ, bafi coronz adnatz, concavz— Corona nivea,
infundibuliformis, bafi circiter diametro tubi, apice l
bus repanda vel erofa, rugofula, tenui
menta corona 1: altiora.
In Sp. PI. cum fequente mixtum: hinc et quibufdam Pancratium
illyricum male audit.
limbo 4 brevior,
ate patens, finu-
s—lzvis, marcefcens. Fila-
Stellare. Tab. 14. i pn
6. P. foliis /patulaformibus glaucis : corolla tubo 3-angulo; la-
ciniis tubo Jongioribus, patentiffimis, /anceolatis: coronz finubus pro-
fundé 2-fidis, in Sellam patentiffimis.
Pan-
2 4 tara. ll. tad 43 fe yt
€ —HÓÜáÓ—Á— i ———ÀMÀ
———— €
Cul oos
Several Species of Pancratium, 75.
Pancratium illyricum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 418, Pancratium’
{patha multiflora, &c. Ph. Mill, Ic. v. 2. p. 32. t. 97. Narciflus
illyricus liliaceus. Seb, Thef: v. 1. p. 17. t 8. f. 1. Lilio-narciflus
Hemerocallidis valentinz facie. Cuf. Hif. PI lib. 2. p. 167. cum Ic.
Sponte Es prope Rochelle littoribus arenofis fecundum Mo-
rifon. :
Foliatur April.
Floret Yunio.
Defoliatur fine dugufi.
Planta pedalis vel plus. Folia fæpius 6, glauca, 2-faria, bafi infra
terram vaginantia, ereéto-recurva, angufte fpatulæformia, integer-
rima, obtufa, glabra cum rore, tenuiflime ftriata, concava, fucculen-
tula. Flores fuaveolentes. Fafciculus 7-15-florus. Pedunculus
pallide glaucus, inter folia ab uno latere radicalis, folitarius, quan-
doque ex diverfà axilla alter, erectus, admodum compreffus et anceps,
in fructu declinatus, Germen pedicellatum, ovale, 3-angulum.
Braétex congenerum. Corolla—Tubus dilute viridis, 3-angulus—
Limbus albus, tubo longior, patentiflimus: Laciniæ lanceolate, pla-
niufculæ, interiores anguftiores—Corona alba fundo flavefcente, in
ftellam pulchre expanfa, bafi tubo contractior, limbo multo brevior,
finubus profunde 2-fida—levis, marcefcens. Filamenta coroná
circiter duplo altiora.
Sub dio late viget et floret.
iso X. Some
© gh
X. Some Account of the Mufta Pumilionis of Gmelins Edition of, the
Syf. Nature. By William Mar klick, Efg. F. L. S. With additional
Remarks by d. Marfbam, Efq. Sec. L. S. |
Read Now. Y, 1701.
Y, ARLY in the courfe of the laft fpring fome fields of wheat in
the neighbourhood of Battle appearing to be much blighted,
a friend of mine difcovered it to be caufed by a {mall infe&t of the
grub or caterpillar kind, lodged in the centre or very heart of the
ftem, juft above the root. About the latter end of March I pro-
cured fome of the wheat, examined it, and found in moft of it a
"Ímalllarva or caterpillar alive; but in fome it was already changed
. into the chryfalis ftate. |
Being exceedingly anxious to determine the fpecies of this ap-
parently deftru&ive animal, I planted fome of the difeafed roots
in my garden under a hand glafs, where they flourifhed very much,
and threw out ftrong fhoots on each fide (the middle fhoot wither-
ed); but whether the flies efcaped through fome hole in the glafs,
or whether they were devoured by a colony of ants which made
their neft under the glafs, I cannot tell, as I did not fucceed in this
attempt; for when I pulled up the wheat and examined it, there
was an empty chryfalis in each plant. However, I had better luck
in my next attempt: I placed feveral of the difeafed roots of the
wheat in a fmall flower-pot filled with bran, and covered it over
clofe with gauze; in fuch a manner that no infeét could get in from
the
Mr. Mankwick': Account, &c. :
, 7
the outfide, nor could any efcape from within, On the 14th of May
three. {mall flies were difcovered fitting on the infide of the gauze.
[See tab. 15. fig. d, D.] A few days after three more of the
fame flies appeared; there were in the flower-pot of bran fix roots
of difeafed wheat, which produced fix flies : on examining the roots
afterwards, I found an empty íhell of the chryfalis in each, fo that
I think there can be no doubt of the identity of the infeét in quef-
tion.
.. lmentioned that the larva and chryfalis were always found de-
_pofited on the. principal ftem juft above the root, This ftem it-
invariably deftroyed, which gave the crop a moft difaftrous appear-
ance, fo that there was {carcely a hope of any produce: but after
the larva had changed into its chryfalis ftate the mifchief ceafed,
and the root was not fo. materially injured as to prevent its throw-
ing out frefh fhoots on each fide, or ftocking itfelf as the farmers
term it; as È experienced. by thofe which I planted in my garden.’
In fhort, at harveft time I was moft agreeably furprifed to find a
good crop-of wheat, and the ears large and fine throughout the.
whole.field. My friend thinks it the beft crop on his farm, and fup-
pofes he fhal! have about three quarters and a half of threfhed corn
_ from each acre,
-~ I hope fome other gentlemen of the Linnean Society have had
. opportunities of making their obfervations upon this fubje&. I do
not pretend to any very great fkill in Entomology; I only relate
facts, and have endeavoured to be very accurate in ftating them.
During my obfervations upon this infect, a variety of thoughts
fuggefted themfelves to my mind. It was hinted to me, that poffibly
this was what has been called the Heffian fly, whofe depredations
‘in America have been fo notorious. If fo, a little good Englifh huf-
bandry, by keeping the ground in heart, and thus enabling the
wounded fhoots to repair themfelves by ftrong lateral ones, prevents
sur being alarmed to fo great a degree. I had my doubts how and
E - what
"
78 Mn. Manxwicr’ s Account m the Mufca Pumilionis
what time the egg of the caterpillar was introduced into the field.
It was imagined it might have been carried on in the manure; but
the only manure applied to this field was lime, and I do not under- -
ftand that to be the receptaculum of any of the genus of mufca.
The kind of wheat fown was a white wheat, lately introduced here
from Surry : my friend could not recolleét with certainty its name,
but thought it was called white Zealand wheat. None but what
was fown early, about the latter end of September, or the beginning
of October, was affected by this infeét ; and in one field, where a
part of it was early fown with white, and the other with red wheat.
-atthe fame time, the white wheat was much affected, and the red but
very-little. The reafon why the early-fown wheat only was affect-
ed is, I fhould imagine, becaufe the cold at the approach of winter
deftroyed the fly before the late-fown wheat was fprung out of the
ground : confequently it could not lay its egg in that.
The foil is rather ftiff with a gravelly bottom. I fhall be very glad
to meet with the obfervations of fome other of our fcientific friends.
I can fearcely flatter myfelf that our inveftigation of this infe& will
be productive of fo much benefit to the public, as to find out a re-
medy for the evil by deftroying it effectually ; but it is with fome
fuch view that I trouble the Society with thefe obfervations.
] have made as accurate a drawing as I was able of the infect in
all its ftages of growth, and the fituation in which it is found in the
principal fhoot or ftem of the plant.
CATSFIELD,
Aug. 29, 1791.
EXPLANATION of TAB, rz.
a. The caterpillar of its natural fize, as it is found in the centre
of the green wheat juft above the root. |
b. The pupa in the ftem.
c. The pupa of its natural fize. C. the fame magnified,
d. The fy of its natural fize. D. the fame magnified.
E. The wing magnified.
IN
Kano are M td 48 p pe
ef Com "s Edition of the Sy}. Nature, 79
IN addition to the foregoing accurate and valuable obfervations
of Mr. Markwick, it may not be improper to obferve, that the
` larva of this fly was fent feveral months fince, with fome of the
roots of wheat that were attacked, to Arthur Young, Efq. who
being apprehenfive that they were the larva of the Hefífian fly,
fent the roots of wheat to Sir Jofeph Banks, enclofed in a glats
phial, for his opinion. Upon examination, it was found that the in-
fe& was ftill in the ftem or principal fhoot of the plant, in its pupa
ftate. Thefe being carefully preferved, the fly appeared in a few
days; and Sir Jofeph Banks determined it to be the Mufca Pumi-
lionis of Gmelin's Syftema Naturæ, and by letter communicated this
information to Mr. Young, accompanied with an engraving of the
fly, both of which were Rubens in the grft number of the Annals
of Agriculture.
The following CUR of the fly i is given by Gmelin, taken
from the Swedifh. Tranfactions.
Mufca Pumilionis—nigra, fubtus, capite, "fhoracti que duabus lineis
flavis, halteribus albis, pedibus cinereis apice nigris.
Habitat, larva, capite acuto apice nigro, in Secalis culmis adeo
incremento eorum noxia, ut vix I, 2, 3 polli-
cum altitudinem aflequantur.
An account of this fly and its deftruétive properties was firft
publifhed in the Tranfaétions of the Royal Academy of Sciences at
Stockholm for the year 1778, by Mr. Ol. Bjerkander; who difco-
vered it on the young fhoots of the rye in the month of May, at
the lowermoft joint, which ftopped the growth of thofe fhoots,
and made them appear as dwarfs; which circumftance fug-
cefted the name Pumilionis. He defcribes the larva to be white,
two lines in length, compofed of 10 rings, the Head pointed at the
end,
6
fo Ma. Marxwicr’s Account of the Mufta Pumilionis
end, black, and refembling a V. They paffed into their pupa ftate the
25th of the fame month. The pupa was yellow, fhining, rather
more than one line in length, and compofed of rings.— The flies ap-
peared thé r2th of June and the following days; the perfect ani-
mal is#well defcribed above.
At what time thefe eggs are depofited in the rye, that gentleman
. obferves, is not yet determined. The larvæ were fmall on the 23d
April, and full grown the 25th May: on the fides of the ftems were
{een no holes, from whence he conjeétures that the eggs. or larvae.
muft enter at the top of the leaves. The fly, when tan forces.
its way upwards, and flies out of its neft.
The dwarf ftems Mr. Bjerkander obferved began to erow yellow
and decay the 14th June, and were in fuch abundance, that in
fome fields, 8, 12, or 14, were found in a fquare of two feet; from
whence he concludes that great injary is done to the rye, and
ftrongly recommends that the ftems fhould be pulled up and burnt,
while the infect is in the larva or pupa ftate; and by ‘this means he
thinks one or two perfons might deftroy many thoufands of them in
a day, he himfelf having picked up 350 ftems in a few hours.
- It will certainly be a pleafing fatisfaétion to the public in general,
and to the farmer in particular, to know, that this infect is not the
Heffian fly of America; and alfo, from the careful experiments of
Mr. Markwick, to find that its deftruétive properties are not of that
magnitude as were at firft apprehended, or as Mr. Bjerkander fup-
pofed; though perhaps an increafe of the fly may render it a for-
midable enemy. It is therefore much to be wifhed, that fuch gen-
tiemen as have leifure and opportunity would pay fome attention
to this fubje&, and, with Mr. Markwick, purfue his experiments
with a view to difcover all the particular properties and natural
ceconomy of this animal. Now, as this fly is bred here fo early as
May, it is probable there is more than one brood in the year; for
having been favoured with two or three of the flies by Sir Jofeph
Banksy
he E
of Gmelin’s Edition of the Syf. Nature. 8x
Banks, I find that they are not uncommon, having frequently
found them in autumn on-umbelliferous plants; and infeéts of this
order feldom live fo long in their perfect ftate, and are rarely feen
abroad fo late in. the year as the latter end of October: indéed, if
there are two breeds in the year, a queftion will arife, upon what
plant is the fecond brood nourifhed? for wheat fown the latter end of
September, or the beginning of October, muft be fome time before
it appears above ground. And yet I cannot believe that the egg is
carried there either by manure or by any other means than by the
parent fly, from this fingular property, that only one latva is found
on each plant, and that always in the principal ftem; for. although
the Mufcæ in general depofit a number of eggs in one fpot, it is
always where plenty of food is at hand to nourifh the young larvæ
immediately on their being hatched. I am therefore defirous to
offer the following hints for obfervation, hoping that fome gentle-
man will take up the fubject, and examine it ftill more clofely.
When it appears evident that a fly has attacked a field of wheat,
rye, &c. watch carefully the animal through all its ftages, but more
efpecially when the fly takes wing, obferving on what plants it
fettles, and whether it is partial to any particular plant; and if thia
can be determined with precifion, attend to fee it depofit its eges,
carefully examining whether it lays more than one at a time. If
. afterwards the larvze appear on thofe plants, obferve in what man-
ner they feed, continuing the remarks till the perfe& infect appears,
when it muft be again watched with attention, and traced to its
next place of depofiting its eggs, to determine whether wheat
or rye be its natural food in fpring, or whether its attack on
thefe plants be only in particular feafons when its own natural food
may have failed ; for Mr. Markwick takes notice, that it was only
the early fown wheat that was affected.
From the ee obfervations of Mr. Markwick, that the
Vo. H. - ; M dií-
82 Mr. Markwicr’s Account, &c.
difeafed plants, inftead of being loft, produced a number of lateral
fhoots, and the crop in the field of wheat in which the fly had
made fome havock turned out exceeding well, it follows that Mr.
Bjerkander's advice of picking up and burning the ftems that are
infefted, would be highly prejudicial; but perhaps pinching the
central leaves, juft above the crown of the root, where the infe&
is ufually found, might effeétually deftroy it, and leave the plant in
a ftate to throw out its lateral fhoots. If, however, a method could
be difcovered to deftroy the parent animal, it would vatem. be the
moft efficacious.
Nov. 1, 1791 ;
. THOMAS MARSHAM.
XI. De-
(973
-
XL "— of Pafpalum ffoloni perlite By Mr. Louis Bife,
F. M. L. S.
Read Dec. 6, 1791.
e a Trot uid
Spiculis fpicatis, TIBI "et ne bei rx fiu fecundis,
œ caule geniculato; bafi proftrato ftolonifero.
H. in Perua.
` Graminée vivace, à chaume folide.
Racine fibreufe, blanchátre. B^
' Tige rameufe, articulée, flexueufe, glabre, cylindrique, procom-
-bante à la bafe, haute de deux pieds, foucu nt des racines par
TER
fes neuds. Rameaux alternes, . s
Feuilles vaginées, lanceolées, glabres, legerement ftriées, un peu
ondulées en leurs bords, fouvent longues de trois pouces et larges
de 8 lignes.
La gaine un peu plus courte que l'entreneud où elle fe trouve,
ftipulée et rougeatre à fon fommet. Chaque gaine renferme prefque
toujours outre fa tige qui lui appartient le bourgeon d'une nouvelle
tige, qui fe dévelope à fon tour. Stipule trés-court, cilié, blan-
chatre. j
- Epi terminal, fimple, de la longueur de 5 à 6 pouces.
Pedoncule commun rachidiforme, alterne, membraneux, undulé,
cilié en fes bords, long de 7 à 8 lignes et largé d'une ligne, portant
fur face inférieure jufqu'à 18 fleurs alternes et diftiques.
M 2 Pedon-
LI
Pd
84 Mn. Bosc’s Defcription of Pafpalum Stoloniforum.
Pedoncule propre applati, à peine long d'une ligne.
Calice de deux valves égales, rougeatre. Les valves ovales, ob-
longues, ciliées à la pointe, fortement ondulées fur les cótés, princi-
palement à la bafe. La fupérieure convexe, l'inférieure concave.
Corolle de deux bales égales, ovales, membraneufes, incolorées, un
peu.moins longues que le calice. La fapérieure convexe, l'inférieure
concave. | |
Etamines au nombre de mU fidens attachés à la bafe du
gerrhe et deux fois plus longs que la corolle; antheres alongées,
dydimes, rubefcentes. `
Piftil. Germe oval, très-petit, très-glabre. Deux ftiles de la lon-
gueur de la corolle. Stigmates à peu près de la même longueur, blancs
. et extrêmement hérifés. Ils fortent et fe recourbent des deux côtés
de la fleur au moment de la fécondation.
Semence unique, recouverte par la corolle et même le grandeur
et couleur qu'elle. Elle eft tronquée de braies au fommet du côté
-convexe et un peu fulcée du côté applati. La fubftance eft cornée,
demi-tranfparente.
Ce graminé ne s'écarte des caractéres du genre de ENS de
Linnéus que parce qu'il a la corolle plus courte que. le calice, et les
filaments plus longs que la fleur. Il eft originaire du Pérou ,d'oü il
eft pafíé en Efpagne. MM. Boutelou frères, qui en ont recu la fe-
mence deleur pére jardinier du Roi à Aranjués, l'ont cultivé avec
fuccés à Paris. Les femences qu'ils ont recoltées étoient en partie
avortées ; mais cette plante étant vivace, et fes neuds pouffant faci-
-lement des racines loríqu'ils font couchés fur la terre, nous avons
= efpérance de la conferver de drageons. Elle paroît propre par la
hauteur et la multiplicité de fes tiges, par la largeur de fes feuilles,
et par la fucculence de toutes fes parties à fervir de fourrage.
Ex»Li-
en €
Mn. BosC’s Defcription, &c. 85
ExpLicATIoN de la PLANCHE, Tab. 16. _ A
. Le Pafpalum ftoloniferum de grandeur naturelle,
Un epillet de grandeur naturelle vu en devant.
. Le méme grofi. —
Le méme vu „par derrière.
Un pedoncule commun grofi.
Une fleur epanouie attachée au pedoncule commun.
Le calice vu en deffus. .
SOAS oo wp
© Le même vu en deffous.
I. La corolle.
K. Le piftil et les étamines,
L. La fcchence vue en deflus.
M. La même vue en deffous,
XII. OZ.
XII. Od/ervations on the Structure and Oeconomy of Rum curious s Species
of Aranea, By Ms ass F. M. iy Se er
Read m 2, 2702. mince 1na& solid
OMME lAraignée aviculaire (Aranea avicularia L.), qu'on
nous porte d Amérique fous le nom d’Æraignée crabe, eft la plus
groffe efpèce que nous connoiffions de ce genre d'infectes, & que
chez elle les parties font très developées; j'ai profité de cette circon-
ftance pour examiner plus facilement les caractères génériques des
araignées fondés fur les parties de la bouche fuivant le fyftéme en-
tomologique de Mr. FABRICIUS, ce qui m'a donné lieu d'examiner
aufi les parties génitales du mâle, qui, d’après pluficurs obferva-
teurs, font "aes fur les antennules.
Ma première furprife a été de ne trouver dans aucun individu les
machoires, maxile*, qu'on obferve pourtant dans la plüpart des
autres efpéces. J'ai vu a leur place un article qui dans d'autres
efpèces fert de bafe aux antennules & aux machoires en méme tems,
& qui ne differe dans celle-ci des premiers articles des pattes, qu'en
ce que la partie antérieure a un angle moins arrondi & moins
. velu.
J'ai voulu voir fi d'autres araignées me prefenteroient le méme
caractère; je l'ai retrouvé dans /‘araignée maconne, que je décrirai ci-
-
* Nous prenoris ici ce mót d le fens qué lui donne Mr. FAsR1CIUs, qui diftingue les
füschosrcs d'avec les mandibules.
a
a Ns 4 à
deffous,
" —— a SLR
Mr. DorTHES Obfervations, &c. 87
deffous, & dans quelques autres efpéces qui par leur configuration
externe fe rapprochent de Paraignée aviculaire. Afin qu'on puiffe com-
parer la différence qui éxifte à cet égard entre l'araignée aviculaire &
les autres efpéces, je joins ici des figures des parties de la bouche de
l'araignée aviculaire & de Varaignée domeftique (tab. 17. figure I. & III.)
Je conclus de cette première obfervation, que la préfence des ma-
choires ne peut point étre comprife dans les caractéres génériques
des araignées, & qu'à cet égard la méthode de Mr. Fagricrus peut
être redifiée, quoique d'ailleurs elle foit la pos füre que nous con-
noiflions jufqu’a préfent pour nous conduire à la connoiffance des
familles naturelles. -
Jai vu enfuite prefqu'à l'extrémité des crochets des matidibules
(fig. I. lettre b.) une ouverture eflentielle qui a échappé aux obfer-
vations de la plüpart des entomologiftes modernes. On peut voir
ce qu'ont dit à ce {ujet dans l'Encyclopédie méthodique; MM. Mavouir
& OLIVIER, qui avouent que malgré toutes leurs recherches, ils
n'ont pu trouver aucune ouverture fur ces parties (voyez l'Ercychp.
méthodique. Infectes au môt Araignée, pag. 186, & dans les difc. prélim.).
SWAMMERDAM lui-même, qui a porté tant de fcrupules dans l'ana-
tomie des infeétes, dit aufi qu'il n’a pu voir aucune iffue fur les man-
dibules des araignées (voyez Biblianature, p. 49). Mr. Georrroy lesa
cependant apperçues: il n'en a parlé, à la vérité, qu'en paffant, mais
affez pour nous faire comprendre qu'il les connoiffoit bien ; voici tout
ce qu'il en dit. * Ces mémes pointes lui fervent auffi de bouche;
* quoique leur extrémité foit fort aigue, elle eft cependant percée vers
& Je bout, & le dedans des tenailles eft creux, en forte que l'araignée
& fucce par là les humeurs de la mouche ou de tel autre iniecte
* qu'elle a faifi."—( Hi. abrég. des Infeëles, t. 2. p. 633.) C'eft fans
doute à caufe de leur analogie avec celles d'autres infectes qui ne fe
nourriffent qu'en fucçant avec des inftrumens de cette forme, que
Mr. Georrroy penfe de cette manière; mais il weft point afluré
que
t
88 Mn. DortHEs’ O/érvations on the Struëture
que cela fe faffe ainfi;. j'ai vu plufieurs fois des araignées avaler peu
à peu des infeétes dont ils rejettent quelques fois les débris en pelotte
aprés les avoir confervés pendant quelques momens dans l'intérieur
dela bouche. D'un autre côté, j'ai fouvent irrité avec la lame d'un
couteau de groffes araignées telle que la Tarantule (Aranea Taran-
tula L.) que nous avons ici trés-commune dans les champs arides ;
en pincant le tranchant de la lame, elles laiffent échapper trés- |
promptement, par l'extrémité des mandibules, des gouttelettes d'une
humeur limpide fans couleur que je me fuis affuré être leur venin;.
comme je le rapporterai ailleurs. Il y a donc apparence que ces
ouvertures ne font deftinées qu'à laiffer échapper le venin de
laraignée. Elles font allongées, & fe trouvent chacune à la partie
antérieure de l'extrémité du crochet au point défigné dans la
figure ] I. par la lettre b.
. Aprés avoir reconnu l'emplacement de ces ouvertures dans
l'araignée aviculaire, ik ne m'a point été difficile de les retrouver dans
les autres cípéces de ma collection, & il n'en eft aucune cbez qui
je n'ai pu la voir par le fecours d'une forte loupe.
Quant aux antennules de l'arazgsée aviculaire, voici ce qu "elles
m'ont prefenté de fingulier.
Elles font compofées dans les mâles d'un article de plus que dans
` les femelles. C’eft dans cet article que font contenues, à ce qu'on
croit, les parties génitales, dont on n'a point déterminé jufqu’a pré-
dent la configuration. Il eft prefque rond & placé à l'extrémité de
lantennule; il a en deffous une rainure au milieu de laquelle fe
trouve logé un crochet confidérable qui jouit d'un mouvement de
charnière. Lorfque l'articulation eft fermée, le dos du crochet fe
loge dans unc-autre rainure fituée en deffous du fecond article, La
figure IL e, donnera une idée de cette fi ngulière. firudiure.
Cet article manquant dans les femelles, l'antennule fe termine
chez elles comme les pattes. Voyez fig. I. c. c. |
2 ! | Du
A MM MNMMMNUUKMNRReRERRK-—m——— nm
and Oceconcmy of Jome curious Species of Aranéa. 89
Du refte on ne peut appercevoir fur les crochets ni fur le dernier
article de ces antennules aucune ouverture par laquelle puiffe
; s'échapper la femence; il faut cependant qu'il y en ait une, s'il eft
vrai, comme on l'a obfervé, que les antennules des araignées
mâles contiennent les parties génitales.
Ce dernier article manquant aux femelles des araignées en général,
chez elles l'antennule fe termine comme les pattes, ce qui fournit un
moyen de les diftinguer d’avec les males. J'ai obfervé un moyen
auffi für pour diftinguer les fexes chez l'araignée aviculaire: c’eft
que la femelle n'a point au cinquieme article de la première paire de
pattes les deux crochets immobiles qu'on voit chez le mále, comme
l'indique la figure II. lettre f. t.
J'ai comparé les antennules de l'araignée aviculaire mâle, avec
celles de plufieurs autres efpèces, j'ai trouvé une grande variété de
formes entr'ellesdans la partiequ'on adit contenirles parties fexuelles.
Ces formes pourroient fournir des caractères dans les efpèces diffi-
ciles à diftinguer. Je me contenterai dans ce moment de donner
la defeription & la figure de l'antennule de l'araignée domeftique
mâle, dont la conformation eft des plus bizarres.
Le dernier article eft un ovoide dont la partie la plus étroite eft
très-allongée, & forme l'extrémité. La partie la plus large eft
creufée en cuillier. «Au milieu de la cavité eft fixé un appendice
dont la bafe eft globuleufe; il fe termine par divers prolongemens,
dont on peut prendre une idée par les figures III. IV. V. & leurs
explications qui y font jointes. : Zu
- Je terminerai ce mémoire par la defcription de l’ araignée maçonne
. (figure VI.) dont les mœurs fingulières ont été décrites par Mr.
l'Abbé Sauvaces dans l’Hiftoire de l'Académie des Sciences de
Paris, mais qui n'a point donné une defcription fuffifante de l'ani-
mal, ce qui eft caufe que Linne & Fagricius n'en ont point
parlé. |
Vor. II. : N Elle
go Mr. Dorruss’ Olfervations on the Structure
Elle reffemble en petit à araignée aviculaire: fes yeux, placés
fur une verrue au nombre de huit, ont la méme difpofition (voyez
figure VIL): elle a comme elle une cavité tranfverfale au milieu du
corcelet, qui cependant eft un peu plus allongé. Elle manque comme
elle de machoires ; fa couleur eft gris-brun ; le deffus du ventre eft
parfemé de points irréguliers noiratres, difpofés en fix-a fept rangs
de chevrons, dont la pointe qui occupe le milieu du dos de l'abdomen
fe dirige vers le corcelet. Elle peut être décrite de la manière fui-
vante dans le ftile Linnéen. `
ARANEA SAUVAGESII, grifeo-brunnea, thorace convexo centro tranf-
verfe excavato, abdomine ovato atomis atris adfperfo..
. Aux faits nombreux rapportés par Mr. l'Abbé Sauvaces fur les
mœurs étonnantes de cet infecte, j'en ajouterai queque pas qui ne
font pas moins intéreffans.
J'ai trouvé plufieurs fois dans la même habitation le mâle & la
femelle avec ‘une trentaine de petils. On voit par là, qu'elle eft
plus fociale que la plupart des autres efpéces, qui fe dévorent
entr'elles. Si M— on met dans un méme vafe plufieurs de
ces araignées, & qu'on ne leur fourniffe aucune nourriture, elles
s'entretuent, & fe dévorent.
Le fond de leur habitation contient des débris de diverfes pice
d'infe&es, méme de coléopteres affez gros.
Ce n'eft que de nuit que ces araignées courent aprés leur proie, &
qu'elles travaillent à leur habitation. Si on fixe avec une épingle
l'opercule de terre qui ferme leur demeure, on voit le lendemain,
qu 'elles ont fabriqué pendant la nuit une nouvelle porte à cóté. De
méme fi on enleve cet opercule, on en trouve un autre le lendemain
à la méme ouverture. :
Expire
+ ,
E MA =
ä
HT *
+ - à |
| * = aa " 5 ™ incision: * s -w TEENE AB NI p
dan e
and Oeconomy of fome curious Species of Aranea. gr
EXPLICATION des Ficures. Tas. 17.
Figure I, Parties de la bouche de l'araignée aviculaire de gran-
deur naturelle, 4 E ur
a. Mandibules | Tt
b. Extrémité de la pince des mandibules oü fe trouve une ou-
verture. ;
c.c. Antennules de la femelle.
d. Premiére articulation. des mandibules, qui, dans plufieurs
efpèces, fert de bafe aux machoires qui manquent dans celle-ci.
e. Premier article des pattes.
< f£. Lévre inférieure. |
g. Patte antérieure privée de crochets dans la femelle à l'article
note *, tandis que le mâle en eft pourvu comme on le voit
à la figure II. f. +. |
h. Naiffance du ventre. | E
Figure II. a. Corcelet de l'araignée aviculaire.
b. Verrue fur laquelle font pofés 8 yeux.
c. Mandibules.
d. Antennules du mále.
e, Dernier article de l'antennule du mâle portant des crochets
. qui jouiffent d'un mouvement de charnière dans une rainure
pratiquée dans cette articulation,
£ Patte antérieure du mâle, portant à l'article noté +, deux cro-
chets immobiles qui ne fe trouvent pas dans la femelle.
g. Naiffance des pattes.
h. Naiffance de l’abdomen.
Figure III. Parties de la bouche de l'araignée domeftique mâle
groffies à la loupe.
a. Machoires.
b. Levre inférieure,
c.c, Antennules. os :
N 2 Figure
92 GS NIE Don russ Obfervations &c. -
Figure IV. Les mémes parties rabaiffées pour laiffer voir l'intérieur
... dela bouche & les mandibules.
.&. Mandibules.
b. Corps charnu mameloné, placé dans l'intérieur de la botha.
Figure V. Extrémité de l'antennule vue encore plus groffe pour
diftinguer le$ appendices qui y font contenus.
a. Derniere articulation de l'antennule creufée en cuillier,
b. Appendice fupporté par un globule fixé dans la cavité.
Figure VI. Araignée maçonne.
Fi igure VII. Corcelet de l’ araignée miagonne defliné Plus grand que
| nature pens v mieux voir la difpofition des yeux.
t
= . XIT, Account
SEE D S po thai ire ip Rat "T
we
UN UNE Pr té ons un on
*
( od ME a Figs Eun Me Sud.
By Mr.. Fo by, Surgeon | in are, Communicated by Sir
* jp Banks, Bart. P. e S. and H. M. L. S. ;
ds ge — Read d » 1792. —
Speech ap c | ;
T was not generally known many years ago-that ferns bore- any
feed, hence the notion of its power of rendiering whomfoever
poffeffed it invifible* ; and it does not appear that the writers on
Natural Hiítory are yet very well acquainted with the real feeds of
ferns, or from what particular part the-young plants are produced.
~
ee «
In the Encyclopedia Britannica, 3d edition, where good information
might be expected, we have this account of the fru&tification of
ferns: ‘The flowers, whatever be their nature, are, in the
greater number of genera, faftened, and as it were glued to the
back of the leaves; in others, they are fupported upon a ftem
which rifes above the leaves, but in fome are fupported on a flower-
ftalk as already mentioned: the ftamina are placed apart from the |
{ced-bud in a genus termed by Mr. Adanfon Palma filix: in the
other ferns, where we have been able to difcover the ftamina, they
are found withinthe fame cover with thefeed-bud+.” While ftudying
medicine at Edinburgh, I had good opportunities of getting acquaint-
ed with the frucuhication of ferns, under the direction of my worthy
* « We fteal as in a caftle, cock fure; we have the receipt of fern-feed, we walk invi-
fible.” SHAKESPEARE.
t Vide Filix in the article Botany. i
friend
04 Mr. Linpsay’s. Account of the
friend and patron Dr. Hope, late profeffor of hobisi there. But
I did not then learn that any of thofe parts which I had feen were
the real feeds, or capable of producing new ferns. I underftood
that this point was ftill uncertain.
= When 1 came to Jamaica, I obferved great numbers of fmall
young ferns rifing after the rains in marle and gravel pits, and on
- the fhaded banks of rivers which had been broken down by the
floods; and indegd in every place where the earth had been dug
into, and left fhaded and untouched for a few months, numbers of
young ferns of different kinds generally began to appear. This I
confidered as a fair opportunity of afcertaining from what part
the young fern arofe. I had fome fpare time, which with pro-
priety I could dedicate to that purpofe, being affiftant to my good
- friend Dr. Clarke, botanift for the ifland, and I had the opportu-
nity of a good microfcope, The minutenefs of the feeds rendered
every attempt to difcover them, by fearching at the roots of even
the imalleft vifible plants, entirely fruitlefs. I then thought of
fowing the powder or duit, which falls from the fern leaves when
drying, in a flower-pot, of keeping them in my room, and of ob-
ferving their progrefs. ‘To enable me to do this with eafe and cer-
tainty, I mixed fome of the powder with fome of the mould it was
to be fown in, and by the help of the microfcope was foon able to
diftinguifh readily the different parts of the powder, or fructification,
from the particles of the mould in which it was fown. Having
collected the duft of fome of thofe ferns which, from the number
- of their young ones rifing every where, promifed to grow readily,
_and fown it in a pot filled with the fame kind of mould in which the
young ones grew, I placed the pot in a window of my room, wa-
tered it daily, and every day or two examined a {mall portion of
the mould by the microfcope. I could always readily diftinguifh
he gun or feeds from the mould, but p no alteration till
about
ES
Germination and raifing of. Ferns from the Seed. | 95
about the 12th day after fowing, when many of the {mall feeds, -
reprefented at 6 in the annexed plate, had put on a greenifh
colour, and fome were pufhing out their little germ, like a fmall
protuberance, the rudiment of the new fern, as at 8. This little
protuberance gradually enlarged, and fucceflively put on the ap-
pearances at 9, 10, and 11. They had acquired -fmall roots, and the
remains of the little feeds were ftill difcernible where the roots of
the infant plant commenced. Although the young ferns were now
very confpicuous by the microfcope, the naked eye could fee nothing
_ but a green appearance on the fürface of the mould, as if it were
covered with fome very fmall mofs: this was the numberlefs young
plants from the quantity of the feed fown. In fome weeks this
mofs began to appear to the naked eye like fmall fcales, as at 13,
which gradually enlarged, as at 14: they were generally of a roundifh
figure, fomewhat bilobate, but fometimes more irregular; they were
of a membranous fubftance, like fome of the fmall /ichens or liver- —
worts, for which they might readily be miftaken, and of a dark -
green colour. At laft there arifes from this membrane a fmall leaf,
different from it in colour and appearance, as at 15, and fhortly
. after another ftill more different, as at 16, Now each fucceeding leaf
grows larger than the laft, till they attain the full fize, and are
5 complete in all theparts and difcriminatin gcharaéters of their refpec-
tive fpecies. Some of the above obfervations appearing to me new,
I communicated them to Dr. Hope. He judicioufly offered a few
queries, founded on the deceptions to which obfervations made by
high magnifiers are often liable: thefe I endeavoured to anfwer; he
was fatisfied, and promifed to lay the obfervations before the
Royal Society of Edinburgh.— But that city foon after loft an ami-
able member of fociety, and I a friend, whofe memory will be dear
to me while Ilive. Engaging in the praétice of medicine foon
-5 I thought no more of the fubjeét, till I had the honour of a
very
LI
96 Mr. Linpsay's Account of the `
very polite letter from Sir Jofeph, Banks, Bart. P, R. Si dated.
March 29, 1789, where, after mentioning fome other plants, he
obferved that ferns would be particularly acceptable. In anfwer I
obferved, that the rifk of carrying many of the ferns alive fuch a
diftance was great, and propofed to fend fome of their feeds, which,
being properly fown, I had reafon to believe would grow. He very
foon informed me that, if I could furnifh the means of making the
ferns of this ifland grow in England from the feeds, I fhould have
the credit of making a very valuable difcovery, and requefted I
would fend him fome feeds, with my notes on this fubjeét, by. the
firft opportunity. Being now. more convinced that the feeds, and
progrefs of the germination of ferns, were ftill but little known, I
collected the feeds of 16 or 18 different forts, and (owed them in a
flower-pot i in my room, of about 10 inches diameter, each in a fe-
parate fpace, and marked. I kept the pot in my room, and watered
them duly. They all appeared between the roth and 2oth day, in
the form of a fmall green mofs on the furface, and at length were.
putting on the membranaceous, form, when they were all deftroyed
by being expofed to the fun in a dry hot day. _ I repeated the fow-
ing of nee feeds in the flower-pot ; and alfo fowed others in the ~
mouth of a marle pit, fhaded from the fun's rays, where no ferns of
_ the fame kind had grown before. They are all now growing; and
thofe i in the flower-pot have made fome progrefs in the membra-
nous form; and in the marle pit they are beginning to put out
the leaves peculiar to their fpecies.—Having now pointed out the
feeds, or that part of the fru&ification, from which the young plants
-= of this beautiful and curious tribe of vegetables, the ferns, arife, and
fhown the beginning of their germination and progrefs of their
growth ; it remains to fay a. few words iconçentny the gathering
and fowing of their feeds,
: o The feeds of ferns may be procured Mb, panels and cafe by
= —, 2 | s
P
takin g
Germination and raifing of Ferns from the Seed. D rd
taking thofe frondes or leaves on which the fruétification is copi-
ous, fair and confpicuous; which are of full growth, have a
healthy appearance, and are more expofed to the free air than
confined in fhade. Thefe leaves, laid on clean paper in a dry
place, foon fhed their feed in the form of duft or fine powdcr, of
colour varying from black or brown to yellow: the groffer part of
this powder is the empty capfules, and that very fine part which
adheres clofely to the paper is the feed. The feeds thus procured `
may be fown immediately, or kept in paper in a dry place. How
long they will retain the principle of vegetation I cannot fay. I
have kept fome above three months, which grew well enough
when fown; but they feemed to be rather longer in vegetating
than thofe frefhly gathered. There are doubtlefs many fpecies of
ferns, which, like other vegetables, require a foil and fituation pe- .
culiar to themfelves, yet we often find the fame fpecies growing in
different foils : hence the propriety of attending to the foil and fitu-
ation of each fpecies is pointed out, and at the fame time there is
room left for trying a general medium.—I took equal parts of brick
mould and good pit marle, at fome depth below the furface, to
avoid the feeds of other plants, mixed them well together, and
with this filled the flower-pot, moiftened it properly, and made the
furface very fmooth : I then divided it into {mall fpaces, according
to the number of the different kinds intended to be fown in it; and
laftly ftrewed the feeds lightly on the furface, which may be moift-
ened with a little water juft before they are fown: they require no co-
vering. They fhould now be placed in a heat correfponding to that
of their native climate, in a place rather moift than too dry, freely
open to the light and frefh air, but fo fhaded that the direct rays of
the fun {hall not reach them. All ferns feem to grow beft in moift
and fhaded places; and although many of them will bear the fun's
rays very well when grown up, few of them, I believe, will do fo
Vor. II. O when
93 Ma. Linpsay’s Account of the
when very young. They fhould be daily moiftened with water in .
the moft gentle manner poffible, and the pot may be kept in a
bafon with a little water in it. Great care is requifite to keep them
from all forts of vermin ; covering the mouth of the pot with a net-
work of fine brafs wire anfwered this purpofe with me.—1n about
Io or 15 days, or perhaps later, the furface will begin to look
green, as if fome fine mofs were beginning to grow on it: this will
gradually increafe, and the progrefs will be nearly as I have de-
fcribed.—W hat relates to the tranfplanting of them, after they
have acquired a little ftrength, will eafily be judged of by every one
accuftomed to the raifing and tranfplanting of other plants; and
the rearing of them afterwards will be beft underftood by attending
to the foil, fituation, and climate from which they have come. What
. {pace of time may be required between the fowing of their feeds
and their acquiring the leaves proper to each fpecies, I cannot rea-
dily point out; in different forts it may be different: the fhorteft I
have obferved has been almoft three months, fometinies more ; but
this may be varied no doubt by various circumftances. Having
thus given an account of the germination and progreflive growth
of young ferns, it only remains to give fome defcription of the fruc-
tification, which I fhall do i in a few words, Dc" by the annexed
ee |
EXPLANATION of Tas. 18.
hé 1. reprefents a leaf of the Polypodium lycopodicides, and
the dots the little clufters of fruétifications. Each clufter is genea
rally* covered with a thin membrane or fcale, commonly called the
+ ach, if not moft fpecies of the genus Acroftichum, and this, with feveral other
.. fpecies of Polypodium, want this membrane or calyx. This difference therefore, Flores
- caliculati, et non caliculati vel nudi, mo be ufeful in diftinguifhing the numerou
fpecies of this extenfive genus.
calyx.
LA A 22772772
’
Germination and raifing of Ferns from the Seed. 99
calyx, and confifts of a number of {mall globules or capfules:
each capfule is girt with an elaftic and | pparently articulated ring,
which when dry, breaks fuddenly, rends the capfule, and fcatters
the feeds in the form of a fine duft *.—2. One of the capfules and
its elaftic ring magnified.— 3, 4, and 5. Different views of the
capfule burfting and difcharging the feeds.—6. The feeds highly
magnified appearing full of dots, as if they contained another fe-
ries of bodies within them: this has been alleged as a proof of their
not being the real feeds. —7. The feed burft by being bruifed when
moift, its contents giving the appearance of {mall grains mixed in
a tranfparent mucilage.—8, 9, 10, and 11. Different degrees of
progrefs in the germination, to be feen only by being highly magni-
fied.—12. A whole capfule prevented from burfting by moifture,
with the feeds vegetating, and making their way through it.—
13. The firft appearance of the young fern in the form of a {mall
thin fcale; thefe may be feen by the naked eye.—14 The fcales
gradually becoming larger, and appearing like {mall /chens or liver-
worts.—15. The firft appearance of the firft true leaf of the fern.
—16, 17. Ferns with the fecond and third leaves beginning to
take the form of their proper {pecies.
2 ETN S EE TEIN
HAVING now given fome ufeful additions to the hiftory of this
beautiful tribe of plants, the Ferns, I fhall conclude with ex-
preffing my hopes that fome additional light will foon be thrown
on the fruétification and germination of thofe curious vegetables
the Mufci or Moffes, and others of the clafs Cryptogamia, by men
of abilities, and {hall give an inftance in proof that the hope is
* With the anthera, or what is analogous to it, I am yet unacquainted; it has been
fuppofed to be the elaftic ring, but I do not know if with good reafon.
O 2 not
100 — Mn. LiNDsAY's Account, &c.
mot ill founded.—1 have very lately fown that fine farina or
duft contained in the anthera of a fpecies of the genus Bryum, vis.
Bryum cefpiticium, or one very like it, and alío the farina of the
Lycopodium cernuum. "There is a vegetable growth taking place
where they were fown, which I hope will prove their young plants.—
If this fhould be the cafe, that which has generally been called the
anthera, muft be confidered as the true capfule or feed-veffel, and
the antherz muft be fought for anew.
XIV. Addi.
C Jor)
XIV. Additional Obfervations relating to Foféuca adicea and Anthox-
antbum. paniculatum, By James Edward Smith, M. D. F. R. 8:
and P. L. S. C c )
Read Feb. 7, 1792.
N a paper which the Linnean Society have honoured with a
place in the rft volume of their Tranfaétions, page 111, [have
endeavoured to elucidate the botanical hiftory of the Feftuca fpa-
dicea and Anthoxanthum paniculatum of Linnzus, concluding
thefe graffes, from all the means of information then within my
reach, to be one and the fame plant. That no poffibility of doubt
might remain, nor the fynonyms of this obícure fpecies want any
certainty that could be procured, I laft fummer requefted Profeflor
Thunberg to compare one of my fpecimens with that in Burfer's
Herbarium at Upfal, which is the only pofitive authority for afcer-
taining what Linnæus meant by his Anthoxanthum paniculatum.
In a letter dated Dec. 28, 1791, the Profeflor affures me there is no
doubt of their perfe& identity.
Knowing myfelf to be the fole author of this elucidation, the
progrefs of which is detailed in the paper above mentioned, it is not
without fome furprife that I read in Profeflor Vahl's 2d fafciculus of
his Symbole Botanicæ, page 22, the material parts of my difcovery
given as his own in tbe following words. —
Feftuca fpadicea—Linn. S. V. pag. 118. Gouan illuftr. p. 4.
Anthoxanthum paniculatum—Linn. S. V. p. 73. fide Herbarii
LiNNÆI.
Poa Gerardi. Allion. Fl. Ped. No. 2201.
Variat calycibus 3-five 5-floris.
Now
210 Dr. SmitH’s Additional Obfervations, &c.
Now the manner in which this is expreffed implies that the
author had, from the Linnzan Herbarium, learned Feftuca fpadicea
and Anthoxanthum paniculatum to be the fame plant; whereas
it is fufficiently manifeft, from my former paper, he could never
have difcovered from that fource what either of thofe plants was;
there being nothing in the Herbarium to reprefent the latter, and
of the former only an imperfe& anonymous fpecimen, placed at
the end of the genus of Feftuca, which could never have been af-
certained but by the peculiar train of circumftances which led me
to the knowledge of it, and which was certainly never known to
be Feftuca fpadicea till it was announced as fuch before this So-
ciety, Oct. 5, 1790, that is, about five years after Profeffor Vahl
faw the Herbarium; fill lefs had any botanift in Europe till then
- fuppofed the fame Feftuca to be Poa Gerardi of Allioni, *
*
XV. Piante
"nr
tré
(€. 103 -)
E
XV. Plante Eboracenfes; or, A Catalogue of tbe more rare Plants which
grow wild in the Neighbourhood of Caftle Howard, in the North Rid-
ing of Y: i difbofed according to the Linnean Syflem. By Mr.
Robert Teefdale, F. L. S.
Read Feb, 7, 1792.
URING the time I refided at Caftle Howard, in the county
: of York, fome of my leifure hours were employed in her-
borizing: my bufinefs not admitting of long excurfions, it enabled
me to take the more painsin the collecting of the plants of my own
neighbourhood.
The woods about Caftle Howard are extenfive, and the bogs
near Terrington produce many valuable acqnihope to the curi-
ous —
The downs called the Wolds are likewife Bir sth of fome
. good plants,
I feldom extended my rides, or walks, upon thofe botanical excur-
fions, more than ten or fifteen miles from homes and upon fumming
up the plants that I had obferved, and collected, they amounted
to nine hundred and fixty. This I prefume, will be thought
a great number to be found, in fo fmall a fpace of country, by
one collector; as the learned Dr. Martyn tells us, in his Plantæ
Cantabrigienfes, that with the indefatigable labours of Mr. Ray,
8 Mr.
104 Mr. 'TEEspALE's Catalogue
Mr. Lyons, himfelf, and doubtlefs many other refidents of the Uni-
verfity, they have made their catalogue amount to eight hundred
and twenty-nine only.
In the following lift, moft of the plants which are common in
every part of our ifland are omitted, excepting in the Cryptogamia
clafs.
. Notwithftanding I have found fuch a number, I have no doubt
but, upon a more nice inveftigation into the minutiz, with fuch
accuracy and knowledge as my friend Mr. Dickfon pofleffes, many
more plants may be difcovered.
To the more rare ones I have added their habitats, by which
means the travelling botanift may the more readily find the plant
he may wifh to add to his Herbarium.
Monandria Monogynia.
Hippuris vulgaris - - in rivers and rivulets, not very common,
Diandria Monogynia.
Veronica montana - - in woods at Caftle Howard.
Pinguicula vulgaris - - upon moft moift heaths.
Utricularia vulgaris
re S Jin a peat mofs called Terrington Car,
Circea alpina + = - in the woods near Kirkham.
Triandria Monog ynia.
Schœnus compreflus - upon Welburn Moor—but rare. :
Marifcus =-
in Terrington Car—but rare,
albus -
: CA "imt
IM nigricans | he above Car.
Scirpus
of Plante Eboracenfes, tos
Scirpus cæfpitofus -7 i
acicularis = - (upon Stockton Common, Terrington Car,
fetaceus = - f and many other watery heaths.
fluitans - -~
fylvaticus - - near the Abbey at Kirkham, and in
| Pretty-wood at C. Howard.
Eriophorum vaginatum upon a heath N. Weft of Terrington.
Digynia. s
Milium effufum — - in woods at Caftle Howard, but rare.
Agroftis Spica-venti in Bulmer corn fields, but is fcarce.
Aira montana ~- = in ftony woods and heaths about Caftle
Howard. .
Poa compreffa | - = upon old walls at Caftle Howard, but
not common.
Feftuca ovina =- - upon dry heaths.
-vivipara = - upon Hambleton hills, but rare.
Bromus arvenfis - - in Bulmer and Malton corn fields.
pinnatus - - near Nunnington, and other places.
Arundo Calamagroftis - }in woods at Caftle Howard, the latter
epigejos - t very rare.
Lolium temulentum — - amongft corn, but is not common.
Hordeum fylvaticum — - in the woods at Caftle Howard.
Tetrandria Monogynia.
Afperula cynanchica - upon Langton Wold near Malton.
Galium montanum - upon dry heaths.
uliginofum in Terrington Car.
fpurium . - - in Malton corn fields,
boreale - = near Helmfley, but very rare.
Cornus herbacea - - in a place called Hole of Huckham,
a near Pickering, abundantly; - firft
found there by my father.
Alchemilla minor - - in woods at Caftle Howard.
Voz. II. : P Tetra.
X06. _ Mz. TzEsDALE's Catalogue
Tetragynia.
Potamogeiton compreffum in a rivulet at Hovingham..
saeni in the fith ponds at Caftle Howard.
Pentandria Monog ynia.
Litliofpemom officinale in {tony woods at Caftle Howard..
Cynogleflum officinale near Mowthorpe Dale.
Symphytum officinale upon the banks of the river Derwent..
Primula farinofa - - upon heaths near Hélmfley.
Menyanthes nymphoides in the lake of Caftle Howard abundant-
à ly, where I planted it—I believe it is
. not a native of that neighbourhood..
Atropa Belladonna - in ftony places at Caftle Howard, and
in the neighbourhood.
Samolus valerandi - - upon-Stockton moor, by the fide of the:
turnpike road.
Campanula latifolia - in Slingfby lanes.
Trachelium | in Heflerton woods..
hybrida - in Malton and Bulmer corn fields;
; | Digynia.
Gentiana Pneumonanthe . in Terrington car, and Stockton common;
| campefiris - üpon Terrington common, rare.
amarella - upon the wolds and dry heaths. |
Cuícuta europea - - this is not common in tlie north, though
fo abundant in the fouth of England..
Bupleurum rotundifolium i in the corn fields near Malton and
à Slingfby.
"Tordvlium nodofum - ; =
Caucalis leptophylla - Ln Malton fields.
Heracleum anguftifolium in Caftle Howard woods, but rare.
Sifoninundatum. = =- in watery places, not uncommon.
Pen-
—
ef Plante Eboracenfes. 107
Pentag vuia.
Linum perenne — - in Bulmer field, at the end of the avenue
» which leads to Caftle Howard.
Radiola - Terrington common.
Drofera rotundifolia in Terrington car.
longifolia — - P the above, but the laft fpecies is
anglica -Hudf. rare.
Polyg ynia.
. Myofurus minimus — - in fields fouth-eaft of Welburn.
4 Hexandria Monogynia. i
Allium arenarium - - in a meadow called Santines at Caftle
Howard, very fcarce, and I never found
it in any other place.
oleraceum - in plowed fields near Hovingham moor.
Ornithogalum luteum near Stitnam, but rare.
Trigynia.
Triglochin paluftre — - . in Terrington car.
Heptandria Monog ynia.
Trientalis europea - - upon the moors near Helmfley.
Octandria Monogynia.
Epilobium anguftifolium in Bilídale, above pou
Vaccinium Oxycoccus ... in Terrington car.
Daphne Laureola - in woods—common.
Trig ynia.
in moift meadows.
Polygonum Biftorta
Jetragynia. —
Adoxa Mofcatellina in fhady places near Kirkham.
Paris quadrifolia - - in moft of the fhady woods.
C A P2 Ennez
_ 108 Mz. T'£EspALE's Catalogue
Enneandria Hexag ynia.
Butomus umbellatus - in the river Derwent, at Howfham.
Decandria Monog ynia.
Pyrola rotundifolia - in woods at Helmfley.
Dig ynia.
Chryfofplenium oppofiti- in Mowthorpe dale, and in moift (hady
folium lanes and woods.
alternifolium near Hornby, but is very rare.
Scleranthus annuus ~- in Bulmer field, but rare.
Dianthus deltoides about Scampfton.
1
Trigynia. |
Stellaria nemorum by rivulets, and fhady moift woods.
Arenaria tenuifolia ^ - upon Barton heights, near C. Howard,
Peniagynia..
Spergula nodofa =- - upon moift heaths.
Tcofandria Polyg ynia.
Rubus idæus | - - in the woods at Caftle Howard. +
| faxatilis - - in ftony woods, but rare,
Potentila argentea - in rocky woods, at Caftle Howard and.
verna -~ Hovingham. —
Geum rivale - - in moft woods, common.
Comarum paluftre = -in Terrington car.
Polyandria Monog ynia.
Actea fpicata — - = at Hilderfley, and in Hovingham lanes,
Papaver hybridum
Argemone in Malton corn fields.
dubium :
Nymphæa alba - - nearSheriff Hutton, andinthe river Fofs, |
2,
= Hexa
of Plante Eboracenfes. | 109:
Hexag ynia.
Stratiotes aloides. - = I planted this in the lake at Caftle How-
ard, where it has increafed fo much:
that one can hardly get a drag net
through it.
Polygynia.. —
Ranunculus Lingua. - in Terrington car..
parviflorus. — in Malton fields.
Trollius europæus.. = in Hovingham woods, near Holley-hill.
Helleborus viridis - in the hedges near Stonegrave, but is-
. {carce.
Didynamia Gymnofbermia..
Mentha piperita- - by the fide of a rivulet at Lutton upon
the wolds.
Galeopfis tetrahit = amongft the corn, frequent;
in Terrington car.
Scutellaria minor. .
| Angiofbermia.
Orobanche major in Malton field.
Lathræa fquamaria -- in the woods near Kirkham, at the foot:
of fome rocks. .
Tetradynamia Siliculofa,
Iberis nudicaulis =- - in Bulmer fields.
Siliquofa.
Turritis glabra - - in the lanes near Thirfk:
Cardamine amara - - by the river Derwent at Kirkham, and
in many other places.
Monadelphia Decanaria.
Geranium fanguineum in Malton fields.
ie | Polyandria,
IIO | Mn. TEESDALE'S Catalogue
Polyandria.
Malva Alcea - - p Malton artd Bulmer corn fields, by the
mofchata - hedges.
Diadelphia Decandria.
Lathyrus Aphaca - in Malton fields.
Vicia fylvatica = = this beautiful vetch grows in Slingfby
“wood; and Coneyfthorpe banks, near
! — Caftle Howard.
Ornithopus perpufillus in fandy corn fields.
' Aftragalusarenarius,Zz4/. upon the wolds near Birdfall, and by
: the road from Malton to Settrington.
Polyadelphia Polyandria.
‘Hypericum montanum in woods at Caftle Howard. —
elodes , - in Terrington car.
Syngentfa Polygamia equalis.
Hieracium paludofum
fubaudum in woods at Caftle Howard.
umbellatum
Bidens minima — - - in Terrington car.
Polygamia Juperflua.
Gnaphalium dioicum upon Bulmer and Wilburn moors.
fylvaticum in various places.
Inula Helenium - - in Mowthorpe dale.
Anthemis nobilis ; “
upon Terrington common:
BRE E Monogamia, - ^ -
Viola paluftris =- -- in Terrington car, and other bogs,
lutea Š -. upon the wolds, and I have fometimes
found itwith large purple flowers.
aiec
TAR T Gynan-
Qe Cape rar tm arte
AE MP ata ne à
EL i VON CAR ULNAS ARE
Orchis bifolia `
maícula
morio
: latifolia
maculata
x
Ld
|» pyramidalis
uftulata
conopiea
Satyrium viride
fufcum
albidum.
Ophrys Nidus-av
fpiralis -
ovata
cordata.
mufcifera
apifera.
Serapias latifolia
var. f£. y.
1S
longifolia:
Zannichellia paluftris
Chara tomentofa
hifpida
flexilis —
vulgaris |
of Plante Eboracenfes. rir
Gynandria Diandria.
- | FA woods and meadows at C. Howard.
>
Howard.
P dry ftony meadows, about Caftle-
in dry meadows and pére; the lat-
} ter is rare. :
- upon the mountains north of. Helm-
fley; rare. i
- in Coneyfthorpe banks, an extenfive
. fhady wood near Caftle Howard.
- ‘in dry paftures at Whitwell, but is fcarce,
- in woods.
- I found this elegant little ae amongft
the heath upon Hornby hills..
- near Hildenlay ftone-quarry, but not
: frequent.
- in Raywood: var. y. in bogs at the bot-
\ tom of Prettywood, at C. Howard.
- inawood called Cum Hag a at Ges Howard,
rare. ites
Monocecia Monandria. |
in. fith ponds at Caftle Howard.
in the new-river at Caftle Howard.
- in old marle pits, near Sheriff Hutton.
- in Terrington car,
- in all ponds.
D i (TT
+12 Mr, TEESDALE’s Catalogue
| Diandria.
Lemna minor - «=
trifulca = =
polyrrhia > not very common.
Triandria,
Carex dioica - -
pulicaris d
brizoides «c3 Vin Terrington car, but very rare.
mofa - =
} upon Stockton moor,and other heaths.
Fu
paniculata AF
difticha = = L
leporina = = [|
vulpina = -
muricata -
pilulifera = lupon various heaths, woods, &c. in the
flava E cub neighbourhood of Caftle Howard.
cæfpitofa -
diftans incu)
faxatilis E
panicea. = ~
pallefcens -
fylvatica - 1
acuta - = b: -
ira 5 à pin various places, not uncommon.
veficatia = . - j
Tetrandria.
Littorella lacuftris - upon Stockton common, and Terring-
ton car.
Dhioecia Triandria.
Empetrum nigrum = upon Earfley moor, and above Helmfley,
Tetran-
in rivers and ponds, the two latter are
OS
of Plante Eboracenfes. 113$
Tetrandria.
Vifcum album | =" = it is very common in the Welt Riding
misg of Yorkfhire, but is hardly to be met
with in the North and Eaft Ridings.
LAUS n D à Sa Filices, C
Equifetüm hyemale. - in fome dry woods at Caftle Howard,
and Kirkham, not common.
Ophiogloffum vulgatum in fome meadows at Caftle Howard, but
: rare.
Ofmunda lunaria - upon the Maufoleum-hill, and near the
Pyramid at Caftle Howard.
Acroftichum Thelypteris in Terrington car; l never met with it
in any, other place.
Afplenium Scolopendrium 7
Yi ;
Trichomanes
! Minor EDIDI,
Ruta muraria ee
Adiantum nigrum J
Polypodium vulgare E ET
aculeatum
Filix mas ein woods, common.
Filix foemina
criftatum ,
. Phegopteris in the ftone quarry at C. Howard, and :
Dryopteris } in woods at Hornby and Helmfley.
- Oreopteris, Dickf.,fafc. in woods at Caftle Howard and
Hornby.
'Though the late ingenious Mr. Lightfoot does not take notice
of this elegant fern in his Flora Scotica, it was not unknown to
him, as fome letters paffed betwixt him and me concerning it. At
firft he infifted on its being the Acroftichum Thelypteris; but I con-
Ner. II. Q vinced
114 Mr. TEESDALE's Catalogue
vinced him of the contrary. And he afterwards thought it might
poffibly be the Polypodium marginale of Linnzus ; but Mr. Dickfon
fays, upon comparing it with that plant in the Linnæan Herba-
- rium, it is found to be very different.
'The leaves of this Polypody have a very agreeable fcent, which I
have not obferved in any other of the Englifh ferns. Perhaps the
Polypodium fragrans of Hudíon may be only a variety of this.
Pilularia globulifera - upon Stockton moor, Terrington car,
and other watery heaths.
Mufti.
Lycopodium clavatum upon Earfley moor.
1 À
whe ne e Terrington car, and upon Welburn
: moor,
inundatum
Sphagnum paluftre — - in all bogs.
alpinum - Terrington common. I never found it in
fructification.
arboreum - upon trunks of trees in a wood, at
Caftle Howard, called Mount Sion,
but very rare. |
Phafcum acaulon Bop ;
mit | in the fandy part of Bulmer field.
. Fontinalis antipyretica in rivers and rivulets.
. minor - in rivulets at Hornby and Helmfley.
Splachnum ampullaceum at the eaft end of Terrington car, I
never found it in any other place, and
always upon cow's dung. .
Polytrichum commune upon heaths and in woods, common.
nanum - upon heaths -
alpinum - on the eaft fide of Raywood at Caftle
Howard, near the octagon temple, rare,
Poly-
of Plante Eboracenfes. Il5
Polytrichum ftriatum = ] $^
8 Dill. mufe. t. 55. É Q. upon trunks of trees, old paling and
y Dill. 432. t. 55. f. 10. jik rocks.
2 Dill.t. 55. f. 11. |
Mnium pellucidum — - jin em woods at Caftle Howard, but
androgynum } not common.
paluftre-. =. in Terrington car. ~ i
trichomanis +
SRT: : Jin fhady woods.
Jungermannia in Terrington Car, amongft the Sphag-
num paluftre; I never faw the fructi-
9H. s] | fications.
Bryum apocarpum - upon rocks, trunks of trees, and roofs of
houfes.
pomiforme: '.-. in Bulmer fields,
o o fontanum: ...- in Terrington car, and 1 near : rivulets and.
{prings.
pyriforme - “I always found it upon moift heaths.
extinétorium - upon walls, rocks, arid fandy banks, but
/ not common.
fubulatum - in woods and fhady places.
urs ELE common.
rurale sa -
truncatulum -
viridulum - - Japon dry fandy banks.
paludofum ^ =- in Terrington Car, and upon ftones in
Raywood ; but very rare.
undulatum in woods, and under hedges.
glaucum - = "upon heaths; I never could find this
mofs in fruétification.
hypnoides - upon Terrington moor.
var. of do. - feveral. |
Q 2 Bryum
116 Mr. TEEspALE' Catalogue
Bryum fcoparium - - in woods and upon heaths.
heteromallum - upon heaths. :
tortuofum - - upon the rocks at Hornby.
virens Dickf. fafc. upon rocks at Hornby and Helmfley—
but rare.
CUTACHED ra common in fandy grounds.
purpureum è - |
imberbe =- - upon rocks, at Hornby.
unguiculatum - upon fandy foils. |
tenue barbatum, fo-)
lus anguftioribus
& rarioribus, Dill.
_ t. 48. f. 49. J
fimpl =- =
PU M a the fides of ditches, on Slingfby
in ftony places, at Caftle Howard.
carmonm i moor, and other heaths; but rare.
hornum = - in woods, common.
annotinum - in Terrington car, and by the fides of
rivulets in other places.
aureum - - upon rocks at Hornby and Helmíley.
argenteum - common,
. var. D. - - is Tare.
hygrometricum
capillare - .
cæfpiticium — -
pulvinatum -
ferpyllifolium -
proliferum - Jia fhady woods.
common.
undulatum -
punétatum — - in bogs.
cufpidatum -~ near fprings and rivulets,
Hypnum
ee ee
ee pan
of Plante Eboracenfes. 117
Hypnum bryoides. -. -
taxifolium -
denticulatum
fylvaticum
pennatum, Dickf.
faíc. t. 1. f. 8.
adiantoides -
complanatum -
lucens - =
undulatum. -
crifpum -
trnquetrum. -
rutabulum
do. varieties -
filiforme -
filicnum - -
proliferum -
prælongum
parietinum E
plumofum -
Crifta caftrenfis
compreflum =
cupreffiforme
aduncum =
Ícorpioides:
viticulofum | -
in fhady woods, frequent.
upon trunks of trees in Raywood, but
} very rare.
in Terrington car, not common.
upon trunks of trees.
in fhady woods near Helmfley, but is-
rare to be met with.
in Raywood, not common.
upon rocks at Hornby, but feldom in
fructification.
in woods, and under hedges.
} common.
upon trunks of trees, not common. .
in boss, and near fprings.
Common
upon rocks, and in ftony places.
upon thedrieft rocks, and likewife in bogs.
upon trunks of trees, rocks, and in:
} {tony places. -
in Terrington car. -
- in Terrington car; I never found it any
where elle in the neighbourhood: it
flowers in March.
upon rocks, and trunks of trees, in Mow- -
thorpe dale.
Hypnum :
Hypnum fquarrofum L
B
Mr. TEESDALE’S eee
q : ;
m woods, hedges, &c. common.
loreum =- = :
dendroides - in Terrington car, and fome boggy parts
of woods.
alopecurum - in fhady woods.
curtipendulum ^ upon rocks and trunks of trees.
purum =- = upon heaths.
riparium - upon ftones in rivers and rivulets; this
Hypnum varies very much. `
cufpidatum - in bogs and woods.
a r 1 lupon trunks of trees, and ftones.
ferpens - - upon ftones, is readily diftinguifhed by
| the white calyptra's.
fciuroides - upon rocks and trees, not common.
myofuroides - upon trunks of trees.
ftramineum, Dickf. ys Terrington car, amongft the Sphag-
fafc. 6. t. 1. f. 9. num paluftre.
paluftre - - upon ftones by Crambe-beck Bridge,
but rare.
ornithopodioides,
Hudf. gracile, | $upon trunks of trees, rare,
Lightf. -. - |
clavellatum ^ - upon ftones, uncommon.
ftellatam, Dickf. ). v z
fafc. t. 1. É 7. lin Terrington car.
Dill.t.39.f.42. upon rocks and ftones near Crambe-
beck,
Dil. t E f. 33. in Rem car.
Ake,
RS CL tnm T
of Plante Eboracenfes. 119
Alge.
LI = fi l . id
peso EHIE = hin woods at Caftle Howard.
lanceolata - by the rivulet at Hornby. -
“bicufpidata - in woods and fhady places. `
inflata - in Terrington car, and upon moft
heaths. RU
bidentata ^ - in fhady woods, and under hedges and
walls.
polyanthos - in a wood at Caftle Howard, called
Cum-hag, not common.
culofa, Dickf.? .
praem $ ; ^e So fome fhady woods at C. Howard,
t. 71. f. 22. Ret nu
nemorofa - in the abOve woods, not common.
refupinata - in the fiffures of rocks at Hornby and
| . Helmfley.
reptans - - in bogs and moift places, not unfrequent.
albicans - in Raywood, and other woods.
undulata =- in bogs; and fhady woods.
P se Dicki. at the eat end of Terrington car, -
aft; 2. p. 15.
t. 5. f. 9. amongft the Sphagnum paluftre.
Sphagni -= in the fame place as the above; I never
faw it uf fructification.
platyphylla in Mowthorpe dale.
tamariícifolia
dilatata - - apon trunks of trees, common.
complanata
Jungermannia
120
Mr. TEESDALE’S Catalogue
Jungermannia ciliaris - I found this beautiful and rare fpecies
varia
epiphylla
ing uis =
ping as
mulutda
pufilla -
furcata
by the rivulet at Hornby, and in a
boggy part of Caftle-Howard park,
near the keeper's lodge.
in Terrington car, and in woods.
in moift and íhady places. r
in fhady woods, bogs, and by the fides
of ditches.
in the fame places as the above.
I found this rare and minute Junger-
mannia in September 1767, in the
fhady gravel walks in Raywood, and
never faw it any where elfe; it begins
to flower in the Autumn, and con-
tinues until the end of March.
upon rocks and trunks of trees. I have
likewife gathered fpecimens which
have the habit of this, but are very
hoary; I gave fome to my ingenious
friend Mr. Dickfon, who probably
may, by and by, give them a minute
examination : I could not find any in
fructification, though I have exa-
mined them very frequently and at
different íeafons, and the J. furcata
às well known to be often met with
in flower.
Anthocerospun&atus - amongft the grafs by the fide of the lake
Marchantia polymorph a
Do. var. -
-
2
at Caftle Howard; but very fcarce.
lin moift and fhady places.
Marchantia
om name ire
ADS
of. Plante Eboracenfes. I2I
Marchantia conica .- = by the fides of rivers, and ditches.
hemifphzrica | in Terrington car, and upon moift rocks
at Hornby and Helmfley.
Riccia glauca. - : = in fhady parts of Raywood.
minima . - . - with the former, but rare.
fruticulofa, Dickf. } upon the trunks of trees in Raywood. I -
fafc. p. 8. - never met with. this beautiful mofs
any where elfe. .
Lichen fcriptus - - 7
carpineus = - | | E ra
fagineus - - upon trunks of trees.
‘fubfufcus - -
rugofus = | -
upon heaths. .
upon rocks at Hornby.
'ericetorum E
la&eus "
caleareus - - upon heaths. - |
IpheeroidesDickE-- } upon barren heaths, and rocks.
faíc. p.9... - 1 5
canefcens, Dickf. |. |
falc. p. 9; lupon trunks of trees.
candelarius — - upon walls and trees.
tartareus - : - upon rocks about Hornby and Helmfley,
ae but rare.
rufus -.,- upon heaths.
afer o b - upon trunks of trees, and old paling.
parellus - - = upon heaths and rocks.
pailefcens - : - upon trees.
laxatis +: ^ 3
parietinus - ^ Lupon trunks*of trees and rocks.
olivaceus - -~ r
ftellarns - -
Vor. II. R Lichen
122 Mn. TEESDALE’s Catalogue
Lichen granulatus amongft rocks; rare.
omphalodes ^ - upon the rocks at Hornby and Helmfley,
but rare.
upon the park pales of Caftle Howard,
but not frequent,
phyfodes -
ciliaris - -
perlatus -
pulmonarius =
farinaceus - -
. prunaftri - -
fraxineus - - À} Sos
glaucus = - upon the park paling at Caftle How-
furfuraceus - { ard, but rare. -
iflandicus - - upon Terrington, Stockton, and Earfley
AS moors. |
hifpidus, Lightf. with the above:
verrucofus, Hudf. dE trees in Coneyfthorpe banks,
ñ. e. Ícrobiculatus, Lightf.} a large wood at C. Howard, rare.
Lichenoides hifpidum minus
et tenerius, fcutellis nigris, je trees and. pales.
Dilt.20.5.406. - - |
calicaris - — - upon old paling, but very rare.
tremelloides - amongft the mofs upon rocks at Horn-
by, not frequent.
caperatus = - upon trunks of trees, particularly the
beech and afh.
fafciculatus, Lin. upon old gravel walks at Caftle How-
| ard. :
upon trees, common,
CNN |.
fylvaticus -~ [AOM
Lichen
cos ner de o
ef Planiæ Eboracenfes. 123
Lichen horizontalis =
miniatus = =
cocciferus - =
cornucopioides
pyxidatus -
fimbriatus -
gracilis -
digitatus -
ventricofus -
cornutus = =
difformis - -
rangiferinus -
fylvaticus =- -
globiferus - -
uncialis = «
fubulatus = =
plicatus =- -
DNUS ‘= «
floridus - -
Tremella Noftoc - -
Auricua - -
Ulva cornuta cer al
Ulva terreftris .tenerrima:
viridis crifpa, R. Syn.
Conferva rivularis - -
canalicularis
gelatinofa -
14
upon ftones in rivulets, rare.
in woods, not common.
upon rocks in Mowthorpe dale.
:
"upon heaths.
—
} in woods, and upon heaths,
upon rocks in Bilfdale, rare.
lupon heaths.
upon trees; I gathered fpecimens of this
in cenare banks, near two
feet long.
upon trees.
upon trees, but rare.
}in {hady places. -
}in rivers, common
upon the ftones in the rivulet at the
bottom of Caftle-Howard park.
R 2 - Byflus
124
Byffus incana
laétea
velutina
and many others.
Agaricus chantarellus
integer
mufcarius
lactifluus
piperatus
campeftris
vifcidus
clypeatus
_
androfaceus
quercinus
pectinatus
- Boletus verficolor:
albus s
igniarius
bovinus
luteus -
=
Hydnum imbricatum
Elvela Mitra -
Phallus efculentus
Peziza lentifera
punétata -~
Acetabulum
cyathoides
Ícutellata
Mn. 'TEESDALE' Catalogue :
Fungi.
Jin Raywood. |
] = -
| E
i common,
»
a?
I B
Resa
under the large beeches in Raywood,
rare. 2 dt
with the above, rare,
generally under afh trees,
~
common,
Clavaria
—€—————
of Plantæ Eboracenfes. 125
Clavaria piftillaris
ophiogloffoides
digitata
hypoxylon
coralloides
^». . mufcoides
Lycoperdon Bovifta
pedunculatum
ftellatum - = upon fandy banks near Ganthorpe,
but rare,
XVI. Oba
as. an6 sh
XVI. Odfervations on il Britifh Species of Carex. By the Rev. Samuel
Goodenough, L.L.D. F. R. S. Tr, dae Se o: |
— Read April 3, 1792. `
HE plants arranged under the genus of Carex, feem always
. to have laboured under fome degree of obfcurity and diffi-
culty. They were generally ranked, by the older botanifts, under
a very unmeaning name, Cyferoides; and having no ftriking vir-
tues to recommend them, they were fpoken of in an indiftinét
method, and were in a manner paffed over as things unworthy of
laborious inveftigation. In the third edition of Ray's Synopfis,
Cyperoides, including Cyperus, anfwers to our genus Carex; the
thing likened including and referring to itfelf for its original! The
general character is, Caules triquetri in omnibus, & in plerifque etiam
femina: a defcription very indefinite. Morifon and Scheuchzer, to
whofe confummate accuracy his Agroftographia will be a monumentum
are perennius, obferve, with refpe&t to our genus of Carex, nearly the
- fame method as Ray. I fay nothing of the more ancient writers,
efpecially Gerard and Parkinfon ; for their works, being in Englifh,
_ are not fo univerfaly known. All thefe authors purfued in fa&
nearly the fame plan; and thus fome fpecies of Scirpus, Schænus and
Cyperus, and all the fpecies of Carex (fo vague was their generic
character) were comprifed under one name, Cyperoides, and formed
one jarring family.
we 2
In
meg rtm yr 7 —
True tes EC —— EUER COMMEATU
Dr. GoopENovucn's Ob/fervations, &c. 127
In the beginning of the 18th century, Ruppius, Monti, Fuffieu, and
Michelius, divided the Carices of Linnæus into two families. Miche-
lus, who deferves moft confideration, divides them into Cyperoides
and Carex. Under the former divifion he claffes the Linnean fpe-
cies which have /picas exu diffinétas, and under the latter thofe
which have /picas androgynas: but, in doing this, he ranks Carex
dioica under the former. I {hall have occafion prefently to fpeak of
this divifion more particularly. *
Tournefort, intent upon the corolla, gave a decifive character
taken from that interefting feature. He fpeaks however only of
twenty-three fpecies, of which almoft all are of the order Sexu dif-
tine. But even in this arrangement he offends againft his own
generic charaéter: for he defcribes his genus (which he ftyles Cy-
peroides) as having its terminal fpike barren, and the inferior ones
fertile; a defcription by no means according with the androgynous
Ípecies. - | | buie
X Linneus thought it needlefs to extend his generic character to
any farther degree of minutenefs than what the nature of the
flowers called for. The fituation of the flowers was difregarded by
him: it was fufficient for his purpofe that the prefence of male
and female flowers determined their place in the clafs Monecia of
his fyftem, and the parts of fructification determined the genus
Carex. : |
Whether Linnæuss generic character be fufficiently exact, and
whether, from the multitude of modern difcoveries, it may not be
advifable to reftore the old divifion into two families, may poflibly
admit of fome doubt. Linnæus defcribes the N ectarium (by which
he means the capfule or tunica enveloping the feed, for he alludes
indifferently to all thefe three terms) as flatum tridentatum, and
the ftigma astrifid. Suppofing /riemiatum to be an error of the
prefs for Aidentatum, ftill even then a large portion of the family wilk
| not
128 .— Dr. GoopENOUGH's Olfervations
not accord with either of thefe charaéters. Perhaps the fault lies
in including thofe with androgynous fpikes, and thofe whofe fpikes
are diftin& in point of fex, in one family. But this carries me
back to Michelius, one of the firft who made a feparation between
fheiii 5
It is true that Michelius, by dividing and fubdividing his familiés
into fo many orders, rather obfcured the fubjeét by his laborious
particularity. But ftill his primary divifion into two families me-
rits fome confideration ; for it feems a natural one. For, inde-
pendent of the fituation of the different flowers, all the an-
drogynous fpecies, except C. pauciflora, have their ftigma bifid;
and the reft, except three or four, trifid. Perhaps Linnaeus, though
aware of this circumftance, had not carefully attended to it in form-
ing his generic character. Be that as it will, this conftant differ-
ence of the principal part of fructification, together with their out-
ward habit (certainly very difcordant), might have warranted their
being retained as diftinét genera; for the moft ingenious artificial
1yftem appears to moft advantage when moft confonant with nature.
What affinity is there in appearance between C. dioica and riparia,
C. vulpina and capillaris? Nothing can be more diffimilar in habit,
. in nature, and ceconomy. We all allow how impolitic it is to multi-
ply genera without a fufficient caufe. Equally impolitic is it to
-overload any genus with numerous fpecies, which would naturally
divide themfelves into diftinct families. Perfpicuity is the end of
fyftem ; and that is beft attained by avoiding each extreme. I have
not, however, ventured to feparate them into two families. The
Britifh fpecies, though numerous, do not abíolutely require it: but
I can eafily conceive, that when all the known fpecies of the world
are brought together, fome fuch divifion will contribute very much
to the neatnefs of the fyftem, and eafe of the ftudent. I throw out
thefe hints, not prefuming to direct, but wifhing rather to excite
and
— à
on the Britifb Species of Carex. 120
-
and colle& the thoughts of fuch as may be willing to turn their
minds to this fubje&t.
But however it is not fo much to my prefent purpofe, to enter
very minutely into the generic character; that is a point to be re-
ferved for future confideration: I am rather anxious to define the
fpecies of this family. When I firft began to ftudy them, I met
with more difficulties than I had reafon to apprehend. In the adop-
tion of fynonyms, Linnzus himfelf has made fome blunders of con-
fequence : Mr. Hud/on's C. /picata, is the C. muricata of Linneus—
but L;zweus, in quoting his fynonyms, feleéts fome expreflive of
Mr. Hudfon's fpicata, and others of his muricata: fo alfo, thinking
. them to be the fame, he quotes Mori/on’s figure of recurva to his
cafpitofa. I could mention more inftances of the fame kind.
Again, there has always prevailed an idea of the many varieties
of the feveral fpecies; a fuppofition by no means well founded.—
Thus Linnaeus makes /ylvatica, veficaria and ampullacea varieties of each
other. Thus alfo, riparia, paludofa, and acuta, have moft unaccount-
ably, by many authors, been looked upon as partakers of the fame
origin. The accurate Mr. Curtis firft noted their refpeétive
limits.
As Linneus, not always having the whole plant before him, cd
-not form any difcriminating charaéter from the root, fo few of his
followers have done it; whereas, in many of the fpecies, it is of
importance to know the root. Thus, when we know that dioica
has a creeping root, and $wicarzs a fibrous one, we are at once en-
abled to diftinguifh them in any ftage of growth: their fpikes
at their firft formation are often fimilar.
But the greateft perplexity to be met with arifes from the Lin-
nean divifion into fpikes feflile and pedunculated: cultivation, or,
in a natural ftate, a cafual luxuriant growth, does away the whole
diftinétion. Thus C. difaxs always has its fpikes on long footftalks;
Vor. II. S = at
Mo n Dr. GoopzNOUGH's Obfervoations
but thefe being embraced by the petiolus or vagina of the foliace=
ous braéteæ, gave occafion to Linneus to ftyle them fubfeffile. But
the leaít i to the vagina would difcover the footftalk, and per-
plex the young ftudent Teya defcription. This latter difficulty
principally induced me to have recourfe to a new mark of difcrimi-
nation, which appeared to be lefs liable to variety than moft others:
I mean the proportion which the petiolus or vagina of the foliace-
ous bractea, in the orders /picis fexu diflinétis, bears to the footítalk
on which the fpike is fupported. This mark will always hold out
fomething worthy of obfervation ; for if the footftalk be unufually
long or fhort, in confequence of the luxuriance or barrennefs of
the foil, the vagina will be found to be affected fomewhat in the
fame proportion.
In general, the proportion between the parts in the animal and
vegetable kingdoms is lefs liable to variation than moft other. cir-
cumftances. Obferving, therefore, how conftant the length of the
vagina was to that of the footftalk, I determined to take my leading
character from it. Having begun to do fo in fome inftances, I at
length became compelled to adopt it in all; idem enim in omnibus no-
tandum of. And I beg leave to offer this principally as my apology
for conftructing new defcriptions throughout. Spikes being faid
_to be feffile which were not fo, called neceffarily for new defcriptions:
this led on to a change in the defcription of their affinities, and
thence onward, fo that there was no ftopping. 3
It is not to be expected, neither is it neceffary, or indeed poffible,
in the fhort fpace of a fpecific defcription, to comprehend all the
niceties of difcrimination which a more leifure furvey will point
out; and yet many of thefe muft {trike every obferver, and muft be
very ferviceable to him in the purfuit of his enquiries. I will beg
leave to fuggeft a few of them. Although fome Carices are faid to
have one male fpike only, and others more than one, yet fome c£
the
on the Britifo Species of Carex, — 131
the former order will be found moft frequently to have two, as is
the cafe particularly with //r/Zavand filiformis.
. The fhape of the fpikes is worth attending to. Obferving C. pilus
lifera with round female fpikes, we in moft ftages of growth can
leparate it from C. $recox : fhould any doubt be ftill entertained,
as may happen in their infancy, the thin male {pike of pilulifera
will make an appearance quite different from the obovate or rather
club-fhaped one of $r«cox. The filiform flender female fpikes of
C. acuta make us wonder how it ever could be claffed with the cor-
` pulency of C. riparia.
. The fhape of the glumz, or, as they are often called, fquamæ,
affords, in many inftances, a very characteriftic mark, in none more
{fo than in C. rigida.
The pendulofity of the fpikes is alfo an interefting circum-
ftance, However, in the judging of this circumftance, the ftate
of the fructification muft be confidered: for many whofe {pikes
are defcribed to be pendulous, betray that circumftance only in the
advanced ftate of fruétification, as C. recurva: fome only in the
early and not in the riper age, as is frequently the cafe with
C. acuta.
As Linnaeus founded his fyftem upon the parts of fruétification,
it may feem ftrange that he was not more particular in noting the
variation of the number of the fligmata. Perhaps his defcribing
from dried and imperfeét fpecimens occafionally prevented him
from examining into this circumftance. Thus, C. rigida is readily
difcriminated from frecox by its having only two ftigmata. The
digynous appearance in the flowers of acuta, is its primary mark of
feparation from C. paludofa. :1 mult obferve, when Linueus dee
Ícribed his c«/pito/a in the FI. Suecica, he referred to a plant.in Scheu-
ebzer, which had three ftigmata. He excluded this fynonym after-
wards in his fecond edition of S5. Plant.
In all plants the fruit is a leading circumftance. The capfule,
S 2 or,
e
132 Dr. Goovenoven’s Obfervations
or, as it is often called, but I doubt whether with propriety, the
nectarium, muft be often called in to aid the defcription of Carices.
The capfule is oblong, as in 2a//zfceus; round, as in pilulifera; rof-
trated, as in P/eudo-Cyperus; fmooth, as in panicea; downy, as in.
precox; villous, as in fiiformis and hirta; divided at the fummit,.
as in muricata; entire, as in _/tellulata,
In a few fpecies the foliaceous bractez have little auricles at each:
fide of their bafe, as is particularly obfervable in /frifa, ce/pitofa,.
rigida, and acuta. The length of the foliaceous bratteæ is incon-
ftant, and therefore muft be admitted into defcriptions with ex-
treme caution. C. arenaria of Linnæus, and C. divifa of Mr. Hud-
fon, are defcribed by picis foliolo longiori infiruétis; whereas nothing
is more common than to find them with exceedingly (hort bractez,
and fometimes with none at all. E
But above all modes whereby the diftin&ion of plants is beft dif-
covered, cultivation and attention to the progrefs of their growth
isthe moft ufeful. Beyond almoft all other plants, our patience is re-
quired in the inveftigation of the graffes. When Carices are found in
unnatural fituations, it is impoffible almoft to be aware of the ap-
pearances which they will put on. On the high ground above Virginia
water, I found C. ovalis with one male oblong fpike, neither could
I learn its name till I had cultivated it. C. præcox, on Hanwell
heath, appeared with only one terminal female fpike. Thefe are
irregularities which cultivation alone can detect. A good botanift
. will not be fatisfied till he can afcertain his plants in all their
ftages. It is not lefs ufeful than fatisfactory to know the graffes,
even independent of their flowers: C. Jimofa not unfrequently pro-
duces no flowers; in this ftate, it has the fingular property of
_ throwing out long, branching, trailing fhoots, which may be made
to produce new plants by layers, or even by cuttings. Many more
niceties of the fame kind might be mentioned, but I forbear left I
' fhould feem tedious. S |
Of
on the Britifb Species of Care. 133
Of the ufes of this tribe of plants all authors almoft are filent.
The older botanifts declare themfelves ignorant of any good to be
derived from them: perhaps they looked only to the fattening of
their cattle; but here it muft be allowed,
Nec bos pinguefcat malè carice paflus acuta.
Linnaeus, in his F7. Lappon. adds an entertaining note to his defcrip-
tion of C. /ylvatica, wherein he tells us, that the Laplanders comb:
and drefs this grafs, as we do flax : when it is thus made foft, they
ftuff their gloves and fhoes with it, to defend them from the pierc-
ing cold of their fevere winters : fo effe&ually are they fecured by.
this covering, that chilblains are not known amongft them. In fum-
mer alfo: the ufe of the fame material is retained.. The Laplander,,
unufed to every fpecies of luxury, having his fhoes made of fkins;.
not leather, is defended by this means from the bruifes which he
would receive: in his travels, as he tends his flocks ;. and moreover,
efcapes the inconvenience of the heat—/udorem enim pedum arcet. It
is not this. grafs only, but a variety of grafles are worked up in
this manner. Lus however obferved that they. were chiefly
Carices, and of the Carices chiefly the C. /y/vatica:
. Mr. Lightfoot, {peaking of C. riparia, which he calls acuta, ob-
'ferves, that “in Italy its leaves are ufed by the glafs-makers to
bind their wine flafks, by the chair-makers to bottom chairs, and
by the coopers to place between the junétures of the timber in the
heads of their cafKs, in the fame manner as the leaves of the
Typha are ufed in the fame country, and the ftalks of the Scirpus
dacuftris in England." FY. Scot. p. 566.
The young foliage and the flower-ftalks of thofe: Carices which
grow on heaths, and where there is an: abundance of cattle, are
obferved to. be eaten off; of courfe they are not wholly without
ufe. All Carices affeGt a very moift fituation, and of courfe, in all.
pro-
Gex* c Dr. Goonenoucx’s Obfervaiions
probability, will yield an early foliage, and ‘in times-of drought a
fure one. There may be countries where this circumftance may
be worthy of confideration: the large coarfer forts might be
Worked up in all countries, with other materials, for thatching, and
for the coarfer purpoles of covering and protecting againft wea-
ther. All thofe Carices which have creeping roots, are admirably
well qualified to give ftability and firmnefs to the furface of quak-
ing bogs. Many of this fort alfo grow by the fides of ditches and
rivers, and occafion a tenacity in the banks, fo that they can re-
fift the violence of currents. Cattle are not fond of thefe; perhaps
fortunately fo, that man may more furely, as Linnæus has remark-
E receive benefit from their growth in places of this nature.
I do myfelf the honour of laying thefe, Sec Rene before tbe
Linnean Society, anxious to facilitate the knowledge of this difficult
genus; hoping atthe fame time that others wil] improve upon,
them, and at length conftruét characters more diftinétive than
mine. They are the obfervations of folitary walks, and of hours
which, through the prevalence of modern fafhion, feem as it were
privileged to be {pent in nothingneís.. But the contemplative phi-
lofopher, even in thefe, finds the moft folid delight in dwelling —
upon the works of the Almighty; and while he views ‘ the things .
that are made," he confirms himfelf (and it 1s the true end of the
ftudy of nature) in the belief “ of his eternal power and godhead,”
and of the revelation (for it is a natural deduétion) which he hath
pen of his will,
Obférvation 1. Having, for brevity's fake, xatzoduced a new
term— Wa agna —into many of my defcriptions, E beg to define it
thus: À
di. Vagina di bafis Frene PO
EU | The
t>
on the Britifh Species of Carex. 135
The culm of moft grafles has what Linneus terms folia vaginantia.
Some authors have called leaves of this fort petiolated leayes, but
I think improperly: they are better defined /heathing leaves, for they
embrace or inclofe the ftalk at their bafe. This fheath or vagina
in the Carices ufually bears a regular proportion to the length-of
the foot-ftalks of the fpikes: I call it, either eguans, when of the
fame length as the foot-ftalk 5 dimidiata, when half of the length ;
abbreviata, when of a quarter of the length.
OH. 2. I have purpofely omitted mentioning the feed, not hav-
ing as yet been able to examine it in a frefh ftate, in all the fpecies.
Oëf. 3. Where a.plant is faid to have vaginz, the {pikes are
neceffarily on foot-ftalks (for the application of that term is to the
floral leaf embracing the whole or part of the foot-ftalk or pe-
duncle); and therefore no mention of. that circumftance. is neceks
fnr in the feveral fpecific defsintions., !
"
— iD
SYNOPSIS SPECIERUM.
Spicd unicá fimplici.
i. C. dioica. Spicà fimplici dioica, capfularum marginibus ferru-
latis. | |
z2, C. pulicaris. Spicà fimplici androgynà fupernè mafcula, cap-
fulis divaricatis retroflexis utrinque acuminatis.
3. C. pauciflora Spica fimplici androgyná, floribus feemineis fub-
ternis remotiufculis patentibus ; mafculo fub-unico terminali.
* Spicá compofitá androgynas
4. C. fellulata. Spiculis fubternis remotis, capfulis divergentibus
acutis : ore indivifo. |
5. C. curta;
- 136 Dr. GoopEnoucn’s Olfervations
5. C. curta, Spiculis fubfenis ovatis remotiufculis nudis, nere
ovatis acutiufculis capfulà brevioribus.
6. C. ovali. Spiculis fubfenis ovalibus approximatis alternis,
fquamis lanceolatis acutis capfulam æquantibus.
7. C. remota. Spiculis axillaribus folitariis remotis fubfeffilibus,
foliolis longiffimis, capfulis apice indivifis.
8. C. axillaris. Spiculis axillaribus fubternatis remotis feffilibus,
foliolis longis, capfulis apice divifis.
9. C. incurva. Spicà conicà fpiculis plurimis congeftis feffilibus
compofità, involucro nullo, culmo incurvo.
10. C. arenaria. Spica foliofà oblonga acutiufculà ; fpiculis pluri-
mis: terminalibus mafculis: inferioribus foemineis, culmo
incurvo.
Yr. C. intermedia. Spica oblonga obtufà; fpiculis plurimis: infimis ter-
minalibufque : fœmineis intermediis mafculis, culmo erecto.
12. C. divifa. Spica ovata fub-decompofità, foliolo erecto ine
ftructà, fpiculis fubconfertis, capfulis adpreflis, radice re-
penti. |
13. C. muricata. Spica oblonga fub-decompofita, fpiculis diftinctis,
3 capfulis divergentibus: ore divifo, radice fibrofà.
14. C. divulfa. Spica elongata decompofità bafi fub-ramosa; fpi-
culis inferioribus remotis: fummis contiguis, capfulis fub-
erectis.
15. C. vulpina, Spica fupradecompofita coarctato-ramosá obtusa ;
fpiculis fuperné mafculis, capfulis divergentibus, culmi an-
gulis acutiffimis.
X6. C. seretiufcula. Spicà fupradecompofità coarétato-ramosá acu-
tiufculà ; fpiculis fuperné mafculis, capfulis patentibus,
culmo teretiufculo.
#7. C. paniculata, Spicá fupradecompofità paniculato-ramosi acutà:
ramis alternis remotiufculis, capfulis patentibus, culmo tri-
quetro.
= * C. atrata.
** Spicis
a*
ne RS —"
PART RU
on the Britifh Species of Carex. 137
** Spicis fexu diftinétis: mafculd unicd : braëteis membranaceis,
18, C. digitata. Bratteis membranaceis fubaphyllis vaginantibus
dimidiatis, fpicis linearibus erectis; mafculà breviori, Cap-
| fulis diftantibus.
19. C. clandeflina, Bracteis membranaceis fubaphyllis vaginantibus,
Ípicis foemineis oblongis remotis vaginam vix exfüperan-
tibus.
ERE : —: | e bradles cC
Soliaceis, 8 plerumque vaginantibus.
20. C. pendula. Vaginis longis fubæquantibus, fpicis cylindricis
longiffimis pendulis, capfulis ovatis acutis.
21. C. ffrigofa. Vaginis longis fubæquantibus, fpicis filiformibus
| laxis pendulis, capfulis oblongis fubtriquetris acutis.
22. C. pracov. Vaginis brevibus fubæquantibus, {picis approxi-
„matis; mafculà fub-clavatä; foemineis ovatis, capfulis fub-
. rotundis pubefcentibus.
23. C. filiformis. _Vaginis brevibus fubæquantibus, fpicis mafcu-
lis fub-duabus linearibus; foemineis ovatis remotis, capfulis
hirtis.
24« C. flava. - Vaginis brevibus fubæquantibus foliolo date:
fpicà mafcula lineari; foemineis fubrotundis, capfulis roftra-
- to-acuminatis.
2 " C. extenfa. Vaginis breviffimis æquantibus foliolo fub-reflexo,
fpicis confertis; fcemineis fubrotundis, capfulis ovatis
acutis,
26.:C. fulva. Vagin& infimá fubdimidiata; fuperioribus fubæquan-
tibus, fpicis foemineis duabus oblongis acutis, capfulis rof-
~ trato-acuminatis. |
27. c. diftans, Vaginà infimà ferè dimidiata; fuperioribus fub-
+.» -æquantibus, fpicis oblongis remotiflimis, capfulis acutis.
Vor. II. T 28. C.
138 . Dr. Goopenoucx's Od/ervations
‘28. C. panicea, Vagina infimà fub-dimidiatà; fuperioribus fub-
æquantibus, fpicis linearibus remotis, capfulis inflatis fub-
diftantibus obtufiufculis. |
29. C. capillaris. Vaginis dimidiatis, fpicis foemineis oblongis laxis;
fructiferis pendulis, pedunculis capillaribus, capfulis acu-
minatis.
30: c. depauperata. Vaginis plufquam dimidiatis, fpicis fæmineis
remotis paucifloris, capfulis inflatis ovatis roftrato-acumi-
natis. ; i n
31. C. fylvatica. - Vaginis abbreviatis, fpicis filiformibus laxis pen-
dulis, capfulis ovatis ariftato-roftratis.
32. C. recurva. Vaginis abbreviatis, fpicis foemineis fub-cylin-
dricis pendulis, capfulis rotundato-ovatis, radice repenti.
33. C. pallefcens. Vaginis abbreviatiffimis, fpicis foemineis fub-
cylindricis; fruétiferis pendulis, xe d fubrriquetris ob-
longis obtufis.
34. C. limofa. . Vaginis abbreviatiffimis fub-nullis, fpicis éérninéie
ovatis pendulis, capfulis ovatis compreffis, radice repenti.
35 C. Pfeudocyperus. Vaginis fub-nullis, fpicis foemineis cylindricis
. pedunculatis pendulis, capfulis nervofis oblongis ariftato- -
roftratis fub-divaricatis.
46. C. airaja. Vaginis fub-nullis, fpicis omnibus androgynis, pe-
dunculatis: fructiferis pendulis, capfulis ovatis acutiufculis.
37. C. pilulifera. Vaginis nullis, {pica mafculà fub-lineari; foemi-
^ neis confertis fubrotundis feffilibus, culmo debili. — ~
38. C. rigida. Digyna, vaginis nullis, fpicis oblongis fubfeffilibus,
. . foliis fub-recurvis rigidis. ,
' 30. €. cæfhitofa. Digyna, vaginis nullis, fpicis fabfefüilibus fub-cylin-
dricis obtufis, foliis erectis molliufculis. —
40. C. iria, Digyna, vaginis nullis, fpicis fubfeffilibus cylin-
dricis acutis ; mafculis — foliis erectis ftrictis.
REE Spici
ss tnt
*
on tbe Britif Species of Caren. . 139
FRE Spicis fexu diftinétis, mafculis pluribus. -
41. C. riparia. Spicis oblongis acutis; mafcularum fquamis lan-
ceolatis: foeminearum ariftato-acuminatis, capfulis ovato-
lanceolatis apice furcato-dentatis.
42. C. paludofa. Spicis oblongis fub-obtufis; mafcularum fquamis
obtufis: foeminearum lanceolatis, capfulis ovato-lanceolatis
apice fub-dentatis.
43. C. acuta. Digyna, fpicis filiformibus ; foemineis inflorefcentibus
nutantibus: fructiferis erectis, capfulis acutiufculis apice in-
~ divifis.
44 C. veficaria. Spicis mafculis linearibus; foemineis oblongis pa-
- tentibus, capfulis inflatis oblongis rofirato-acuminatis pa-
tentibus.
EC ampullacea. Spicis filiformibus; mafculis tenuioribus ; foemi-
neis teretibus erectis, capfulis infiatis globofis ariftato-roftra-
tis divaricatis.
| 46. C. birta. Pilofa, fpicis omnibus oblongis; foemineis remotis
' vaginatis : vaginis hinc lanato-villofis, capfulis hirtis.
* C. filiformis, firicla, recurva; & quedam alie, que aliquando [picis
mafculis duabus, fed. raris. funt notabiles.
I.-CAREX.DIOIC A.
e er Spicà fimplici dioica, capfularum marginibus ferrulatis. Buddle
Horts Sic. p. 3% n. 5.
Gramen cyperoides minimum fpicà fimplici caffà. Hit. Ox. III.
244. Í. 8. t. I2. f. 22. mas.
Gramen cyperoides minimum ranunculi capitulo rotundo. ‘H; jj.
Ox. IIL. 245: f. 8. t. 12. f. 36. femina.
T 2 . . Cyperoides
140 Dr. Goopenoven’s Obférvations
Cyperoides parvum, n. 1 & 2. Mich. Gen. p. 56. t. 32 RAT
Scheuchzer, 497. t. 11. f. 9 & 10.
FY, Suecica, n. 833. Fl. Angl. p. 401. Fl. Dan. 369. mas & faemina.
F1, Scot. 541. Withering, p. 1026.
Habitat in paluftribus fpongiofis. Junio.
Drs. Radix-repens, perennis. Folia fetacea, fub- triquetra, intus
canaliculata, ereéta, culmum floriferum fub-æquantia, glabra.
Culmus tenuis, ere&us, triqueter, angulis acutiufculis, glaber,
4—10 uncialis, foliis demum paulo longior. Spica mafcula ob-
. longa, braéteà brevi ovata fufcà in mucronem definenti, I—1 un-
cialis; fquamis oblongis | acutiufculis fulvis, nervo dorfali obfole-
tiufculo viridi, Filamenta tria; antheræ lineares flavæ. Spica fœ-
minea oblonga demum fubcylindrica, fquamis ut in mafculà, capfulà
"brevioribus. Cap/ule fæpius fub-diftichæ, patentes, ovate, acute,
marginibus-apicem verfus minutiffimé ferrulatis, ore integro. Stig-
mata duo.
So great a fimilarity prevails between what are called C. dioica
and capitata, that no author has as yet flruck out a conftant
fatisfaétory difference of character. Mr: Hudfon's introduction of
Linneus's C. capitata into the catalogue of Britifh plants, has ex-
cited an enquiry into the reality of that fpecies, and in particular
with refpe& to its being a native of Britain. Indeed the difference
between them at moft feems very trifling. In C. capitata the fpike :
is round, and fomewhat (owing to the male flowers at the
top) conic: in the female C. disica, it is ovato-oblong. The
capíules feem broader in capiiata. In dioica the ‘capfules are
moft minutely ferrated towards the point; in capitata they are
entire. In diea the capfules are ftriated with nerves, which
can fcarcely be faid to appear in the very few fpecimens of capitata
which I have feen. 1 have rer ae the male diosa with a female
flower
on the Britifh Species of Carex. 141
flower or two at the bafe of the fpike, the capfules of which very
much refemble thofe of the Swedifh capitata. In Uvedalès Herba-
rium Rayenum, vol. 12. fol. 68. n. 5. and in Mr. RAI TER
rium, to which I had accefs, through her Majesry’s moft graci-
ous condefcenfion, who is now the poffeffor of it; are fpecimens of
the female dioica, with feveral male flowers at the top of the fpike.
"The leaves in both fpecies are exactly the fame; the ftyle in each
has two ftigmata. I have feen capfules in paca where there is no
vifible ferrulation on the edges. Swedifh fpecimens of capitata are
in the rich herbaria of Sir 57/655 Banks and Dr. Smiih. All my ideas
of the:plant are taken entirely from them.
The fynonyms of Ray and Morifom, which Linneus quotes for
capitata, are undoubtedly to be referred to C. dizica. He himfelf re-
ferred them to it in F7 Sueczca. In the places fo particularly men-
tioned by thofe. ep C. dice and that only has ever been
found. se + wy
-The different figures. of Michelius Mens led. into fome error.—I
do not hefitate to fay, that the female figure No. r. is carelefsly
drawn: its being reprefented with three ftigmata, inftead of two
which it ought to have (as is evident from a fpecimen in Mr.
Lighifoot’s herbarium), is a fufficient proof of it. This is that Irifh
variety mentioned by Ray, in his Synopfs, p. 425, n. 66. In Michelius’s
figure, n. 2. no male flowers are to be feen at the fummit: neither
are they in Morifon’s figure, n. 36. Thefe figures are both very de-
cent repréfentations of the female dioica : they bear no fimilarity to
the fpecimens of capitata mentioned before. |
Scheuchzer’s figure feems like pulicaris, rather than diea. It is
poble he may have confounded the t two together, as any one
might do in their infant ftate. _
Upon the whole, therefore, I can fee no reafon why C. chars
fhould be continued as a Britifh fpecies, and therefore have ex-
cluded it,
I do
142 Dr. GoopExovcn's Obfervations
I do not pretend to be the #rf difcoverer of the difference of the
capfule in capitata and dioica, as mentioned above.—Dr. Smith, long
before I had the happinefs of his acquaintance, had, unknown to
me, communicated it to fome of his friends. As his herbarium
muft be confidered as the fountain-head of all botanical authority,
I was particularly happy in the coincidence of his opinion, and, in
deference to it, added to the fpecific defcription of C. dioica, capfu-
larum marginibus ferrulatis. :
2. CAREX PULICARIS.
Spica fimplici androgyna fuperné mafcula, capfulis divaricatis re-
troflexis utrinque acuminatis. Uvedale, Herb. Rayan. vol, 12.
p. 68. n. 3. | |
Carex minima. Mich. Gen. 66. t. 33. f. 1.
Gramen cyperoides minimum, &c. . Morif. Hif. Ox. IIT. p. 244.
f, 8. t. 12. f. 1. Pluk. Ab. t. 24.4. 10.
Fl. Lappon. n. 339. Leers, 198. t. 14. f: 1. Fl, Ang. 402. Fi,
Scot. 543. FI. Dan. 166.
Habitat in paludibus turfofis & limofis. ' Junio.
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia fetacea, faturaté virentia, rigida,
glabra, erecta, culmo breviora canaliculata, hinc convexiufcula &
nervofo-angulata. Cu/mus erectus teretiufculus glaber 3-12 uncialis.
Spica fimplex, cylindracea, terminalis. Flores mafculi plurimi fu-
periores, foeminei circiter totidem inferiores laxé imbricati. Squamæ
fubfufcæ, ovatæ, acutæ, capfulà breviores, nervo dorfali viridi, de-
cidux. Cap/ule ovate utrinque acuminate, trigonz, glaberrimæ,
mox divaricatz, demum pendulz ore integro. Filamenta tria; an-
there lineares flava. Stigmata duo.
Obf. Squamz florum mafc. obtufiores quam fœmin,
-This plant is fo very diftin& in itfelf, and is fo well diftinguifhed
=
on the. Brith Species of Carex. 143
by all authors, that there is no neceflity of adding to the general
mafs of defcription. |
He who would wifh to Sel: good defériptiône of it, would do
well to confult Mr. Lighifoot’s Flora Scotica, and Mr. Leers s Flora
Herbornenfis—a book which ought to be in the hands of every
botanift who wifhes to enter into a praétical ftudy of his fubjeét.
The figure in Morifon is extremely characteriftic. — Leers gives
‘the plant i in both a young and mature ftate, together with all the
parts of fruétification.— Michelius’s figures i in general are to be de-
pended üpón—but he is nôt faultlefs in his adapting of fynonyms:
he quotes Mor. figure 22, which is the male dioica, to this plant.
4 CAREX PAUCIFLOR A.
C. fpicà fimplici androgyna, floribus foemineis fubternis remotiuf-
culis patentibus ; mafculo fub-unico terminali, Light ifoot, Fi.
o Sete $43. fab.vk FR 2.
C. patüla. Hudf. Fi. Ang. 402. Withering, p. 1027.
| Habitat in ericetis montofis. ,
Ihave néver had an opportunity of cultivating this INL or
of feeing it alive, or even in a frefh ftate.
Mr. Hudfon «nd Mr. Lightfoot have both defcribed this plant,
Their defcriptions, although they differ in their mention of the
number of the flowers, yet agree very well in fetting forth the ge-
neral habit of the plant, and the fituation of the male and female
flowers.
Mr. Lightfoot has given an excátidt figure. As his publication
was prior to Mr. Hud/fon's, and as his name is more expreffive (and
that is no flight object), I am an advocate for reftoring the name
pauciflora.
I ZA
144. Dn. GoopENovGR's Obfervaiions
I take the following défcription: from fpecimens in Sir Fo/eps
Banks’s herbarium, tranfmitted by Mr. Lighifoot. Mr. Lightfoot
favoured me alfo with feveral fpecimens, which entirely accord with
Sir Fofeph's.
Radix
Folia erecta, glabra, triquetra, culmo breviora.
Culmus 3-5 uncialis, preterquam ad bafin nudus, triqueter, glaber.
Spica androgyna, fimplex, laxa, floribus circitér quinque, quorum ul-
timus mafculus. Squamz elongate, lanceolate, acute, longi-
tudine capfularum.
Capfule
Styli tres. An hoc femper?
^& CAREX STÉLLULATA —
C. fpiculis fub-ternis remotis, capfulis divergentibus acutis, ore
integro. Buddle Hort. Sic. p. 32. Uvedale Herb. Ray. vol. 1a,
p. 68. n. I.
Carex fpicis ternis echinatis, glumis lanceolatis, capfule mucrone
.. fimpliti. Haller Hifi. 1366.—Raii. Synoff. 424. n I2..
Gramen cyperoides echinatum minimum: Park. 1272. Mori jf. Hif.
-. Ox. VI. 344 f. 8. t. 12. f. 26. Eerst. 14. f. 8. opt. —Scheucbxer
495. t. 11. f. 3.
Carex muricata. Hudf. FI. Angl. 406. Fi. Scot. 549. Fl. Dan. 284.
With, 1034.
Habitat in paluftribus. Maio, Junio. .-
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia pallidè viridia, erectiufcula patula,
ad margines carinafque, precipue apicem verfus afpera, angufta.
vi fub inflorefcentià circiter 3-uncialis erectus foliis duplo
6 brevior,
Lame
RSA
on tbe Britifh Species of Carex. 145
brevior, triqueter,angulis obtufiufculis obfoletè afperiufculis, mox pe-
dalis & foliis longior. Spica compofita androgyna, fpiculis fub-ter-
nis, remotis, ovatis, feffilibus: ad fpiculam inferiorem fæpius brac-
tea, bafi ovata, in foliolum fetaceum culmo brevius definens; ad
ceteras oblonga eft, membranacea, fufca, aphylla. Fres inferiores
maículi laxius imbricati, fuperiores foeminei plures. Squamz ovatæ,
acutz, fufcæ, margine membranaceo albo, nervo dorfali lato viridi,
capfulà maturà breviores. Cap/ula oblonga acuminata, hinc plana,
illinc convexiufcula, divergens, apice acuto fub-indivifo. Filamenta
tria, antheris linearibus flavis. Stylus: ftigmatibus duobus.
This little plant is well known to every botanift. It ftands in
competition with none of its fraternity, and therefore cannot be
miftaken.
It varies in height from three to ten inches, according to its
foil and fituation. On the Brecknockthire hills I have c it
above a foot high.
A floral leaf fometimes, but by no means conftantly, fubtends
the loweft fpicula..
It is well obferved by Halter, that th? fpecies differs from murz-
cata, by having the point of the capfule acute, and not bifid.
8. GAREX.CURTA.
C. fpiculis fub-fenis ovatis remotiufculis nudis, fquamis ovatis acu-
tiufculis capfulà brevioribus.
Gramen cyperoides fpicis curtis divulfis. Loefl. Pru. p. 117.
it 22.
C. elongata, Leers, p- 200. t. 14. f. 7.
C. canefcens, Lightfoot, FI. Scot. p. 550.
C. brizoides, Hudf FI. Angl. p. 406,
C. cinerea, Withering, p. 1033.
Voz. IL - U Habitat,
146 Dr. GoopENovcn's Obfervations
Habitat, fed rarius, in paluftribus & aquofis. Junio.
Radix fub-repens, perennis. Folia pallida fub-glauca, ad mare
gines carinamque afpera, erecta anguíla. Culmus pedalis aut
pauló altior, foliis pauló longior, ereétus, triqueter, angulis acutis
afperiufculis. Spica compofita androgyna, fpiculis fex & ultra, erectis
ovatis feffilibus alternis; ad fpiculam inferiorem braétea, fed rarius,
foliaceà fetacea, ad. cæteras ovata alba tenera membranacea.
Squamae albæ membranaceo-fericez, ovatæ, acute, concave, nervo.
dorfali viridi, capfulà pauló breviores. Flores inferiores mafculi.
Capfula ovata, acuta; hinc plana, illinc convexiufcula, fub lente
punctulatiffima, marginibus integris, ore indivifo. Fi/amenta tria,
antheris linearibus flavis, Siylus ftigmatibus duobus.
That this Carex fhould have occafioned fome difficulty is not to
be wondered at, when Limneus himfelf feems to have forgotten his
own original determination upon the matter. In Sir sph Banks
herbarium there is a Carex named érizoides, which anfwers entirely
to the Linnean defcription ; % Spicé compofitd pisticHA nudå, fpiculis
androgynis oBLONGIS CONTIGUIS, culmo nudo,’ in the Sp. Plant,
p- 13815 to the fynonym of Haller; and to the figure of Mi ichelius,
t. 33. f. 17. there quoted.
_. In the Linnean herbarium, the plant I am now {peaking of is
Bu brizoides by Linnæeus. himfelf, and it accords with. the
fynonyms of Ray and Morifon quoted in the Sp. Pl, under brizoides. -
Still, however, as the figure of Michelius is a more pointed autho-
rity than the verbal defcriptions of the authors juft mentioned, I
cannot but think that the plant in Sir Yo/eps’s herbarium is what
was originally defcribed and intended for brizoides : : accordingly I
fhall beg leave to accept it as fuch, and name this anew. For, at all
events, it cannot anfwer to the defcription of Linnaus, for the {pike
7 is
on tbe Britifb Species of Cares. 147
Ts never diftich, the fpiculæ are never oblong or contiguous. Hence
has arifen frequent error: Mr. Lightfoot, amongft the reft, rejected
the idea of this being brizoides, and called it canefcens.
But the C. canefcens of Linnæus is fimilar in fhape to curta; fo
much fo, that the figure in Loe/z/ is as applicable almoft to the one
as the other: but when they are brought together, the wideft dif-
ference prefents itfelf. The curta is fmaller in all its parts; then
_the fquamz are filvery, and very tender: in the cazefcens they are
membranaceous and hard, as in the reft of the genus, and are brown
with a white edge, which gives it a real hoary appearance. We
may gather from this circumftance, how neceffary coloured figures
are to mark the nicety of diftinétion requifite to afcertain fome
fpecies in natural hiftory. It is true, it makes the ftudy very ex-
penfive; but it muft be allowed, that unlefs very accurate de-
fcriptions accompany the uncoloured print, a difficulty of afcertain-
ment may after all fubfift.
The cap/ules, together with the /quamæ of this fpecies, are very
early deciduous: I know not any Carex in which this impoverifh-
ment takes place fo early, except in C. //riiz. The whitenefs and
tendernefs of the fquamz in this fpecies are ftriking circumftances.
Thefe qualities are not to be found in any other. The root, though
it cannot be called directly creeping, has a tendency to increafe
itfelf fomething in that way. The brizoides of Sir Fofeph Bank's
herbarium has evidently a creeping root. As it is the only fpe-
cimen that I have ever feen, I will beg leave to fubjoin a defcrip-
tion of it. | | <
Radix repens, perennis. Folia pallide virefcentia, tenuia, culmo lon-
giora, ad margines carinamque afpera, inferiora (uti fæpius accidit)
breviora, & culmi bafin obveftientia. Cu/zus triqueter, angulis acu-
tis afpetis, erectus; nudus. Spica androgyna—Spiculz circiter fep-
tem, teretes f, oblongiufculæ, fub-diftiche, approximate, fæpius
Uá contiguæ,
148 _ Dr. Goopenoven’s Obfervations
contiguæ. Flores inferiores mafculi. Squamz oblongæ, acute, pallid,
nervo dorfali viridi, teneriufculæ, margine albo tenerrimo, capfulas
fub-æquantes. Cap/ule oblongz, acute, glabræ, marginibus ferru-
latis, fub-triquetræ, hinc plan, ore divilo. Filamenta tria—Siylus
ftigmatibus duobus.
- As I take it for granted that C. curta is not the brizcides of Lin-
næus, and as the names of fubfequent authors are not expreflive
of its diftin&ion, I have reftored Loefél’s name, curta. Linnaeus ap-
plies this figure of Loefel to his canefcens, but, I have always thought,
without fufficient authority; and I am happy in being counte-
nanced in this idea, by our worthy Prefident's remark in his edition
of the Flora Lapponica. See n. 332.
The true C. brizoides is very properly dei bed by Scbreber, in his
Spicilegium FI. Lipf. p. 63. n. 675.
6 GAREA OVALIS
C. fpiculis fub-fenis ovalibus approximatis alternis, fquamis lanceo-
latis capfulam æquantibus. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 31. n. 2. Pet.
Hort. Sic. vol. 1. p. 163. n. 2. |
Gramen cyperoides majus fpicà divulfa. Mori if. Hif. Ox. III. 244
LECTIET X
Gramen cyperoides fpicà e pluribus ic mollibus compofità.
Scheuchzer, 456. t. 10. Is. 7
C. leporina. FY. Angl. p. 404. FI. Scot. 547. Pollich, n. 874. cujus
defcriptio bona. Leers, 199. t. 14. f. 6. quoad formam. fcilicet,
at non fitum forum mafe, S femin, Withering, 1029. 3 !
Habitat in paluftribus & pratis humidis. Junio.
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Fz/ia faturatè viridia, ad oras carinafque
afperiufcula, angufta, culmum fub-æquantia. Culmus erectus, pedalis,
tri
on the Britifb Species of Carex. 149
triqueter, angulis acutis, afperiufculis. Spica androgyna compofita,
fpiculis fubfenis approximatis alternis fub-ovalibus. Ad bafin fpi-
culz inferioris bractea bafi ovata in fetam ípicule fuz longitudine
definens, ad ceteras bractea oblonga eft & aphylla. Fres infe-
riores mafculi pauciores, cæteri plures foeminei. Sguamæ ovato-
lanceolatz, acute, capfulam æquantes, fufcæ, margine albo, nervo
dorfali viridi. Cap/u/e oblongæ acuminatæ, hinc plana, illinc con-
vexiufculæ, ereétæ, ore integro. Filamenta ut in cæteris—Stylus ftig-
matibus duobus.
It has been lately difcovered, that we have all along been mif-
taken in this very common plant. The error perhaps reíts with
Linneus himfelf, who joined the plant, he originally named /eporiza,
with this we are now treating of. The miftake took place even
fo early as the publication of 77. lapponica, as appears from his quot-
ing Moerz/ows figures. The original /eporina, now prelerved in Dr.
Smiths (the Linnean) herbarium bas only three ipikelets, is a
plant much fmaller, and differs in many refpeéts.
C. ovalis is diftinguifhable in all its flages from others by the
number of the fpiculz, the acutenefs of the fquamze, and the fitua-
tion of the male and female flowers. In this the male flowers are
at the bafe of the fpikes, and few in number; the female ones nu-
merous, and terminal.
-
Leers defcribes his /eporima as having the terminal florets male,
and the inferior female. Although therefore his figure is a very
exact reprefentation in other particulars, the fituation of the male
and female flowers muft not be taken from his defcription.
aen
"or
7. CAREX
Lo. Dr. Goopenoucn’s Obfervation:
7 CAREX REMOTA.
C. fpiculis axillaribus folitariis remotis fubfeffilibus, foliolis longiffi-
mis, capfulis apice indivifis. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 31. n. 5.
Carex anguftifolia, caule triquetro, capitulis pulchellis ftrigofioribus
compaétis, inter fe diftantibus, & in foliorum alis feffilibus.
Mich. Gen, 70. t. 33. f. 17, 16.
Gramen cyperoides anguftifolium fpicis parvis feffilibus in foliorum
alis... Mor;f- Hif. Ox. Il. 243. f. 8. t. 12. f. 17. Leers, t. 15.
f. 1. FL Cantab. n. 683. Fi. Angl 407. Withering, 1035.
Pollich, n. 878. FL Scot. 549. F1. Dan. 370.
Habitat in fylvis humidis, & ad ripas udas foffarum. Maio, Junio.
Radix perennis, fibrofa. Folia radicalia anguttiffima com-
prefa, marginibus omnino, at folum apicem verfus carina afpera,
culmo fub tempore inflorefcentiz longiora— Caulina, que & braéteæ
dicantur, ad bafin fpicularum fita (fcilicet ad omnem fpicam unicum
feffile anguftiffimum\ duo infima culmum fere femper catera ali-
quando fuperant, carina marginibufque afpera. Cu/mus tenuis, de-
bilis, erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis fuperné afperis, infra braéteam
inferiorem glabris. Spica compofita androgyna, fpiculis circiter 10,
ovatis axillaribus folitariis remotis fubfeffilibus—Flores mafculi in-
feriores. Squame ovate, acute, fufcefcentes, membranacez, nervo
dorfali viridi. Caf/ule ovate, acute, hinc plang, illinc convexiu{culæ,
lateribus apicem verfus ferrulatis, apice indivifo. Filamenta & anthera
utin ceteris. Sty/us ftigmatibus duobus.
"There is no difficulty in determining this fpecies— There is only
one in the whole family which has any affinity to it, viz. C. axil-
laris; but that is readily diftinguifhed by having three or more
fpikelets at the bafe of each bracteaceous leaf.
8 CAREX
on tbe Britifo Species of Carex, ISI
8 CAREX AXILLARIS. Tas. 19. fy. 1.
C. fpiculis axillaribus, fubternatis, remotis, feffilibus, foliolis longis,
capfulis apice divifis,
Præcedentis (remote) infignis varietas, fi non fpecies diftinéta.
Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 31. n. 6.
Habitat prope Putney— Dom. Curtis, inter rariores. Maio,
Junio.
. Radix perennis, fibrofa—Folia radicalia angufta, compreffa, margi»
nibus omnino, carina circiter dimidiam partem afperis, culmo
etiam fub inflorefcentià brevioribus : Caulina, quz & bractez dican-
tur, ad bafin fpicularum fita funt, Ícilicet ad omnem fpicularum ag-
gregationem unicum, feflile, quorüm infimum culmo longius, cæ-
tera breviora; omnia marginibus carinâque afperrima. Culmus erec-
‘tus, firmus, ftrictus, triqueter, angulis acutis, etiam infra braéteam
inferiorem afperrimis, 1—fere 3-pedalis. Spica androgyna interrupta, .
fpiculis axillaribus, inferioribus fub-ternis, quandoque quaternis,
quinis, ad bafin foliorum caulinorum f. bractearum, oblongze, fefliles,
ageregate—F lores inferiores mafculi—Squamz ovata, acute, fuíceí-
centes, membranacez, nervo dorfali viridi, capfulam fub-zquantes.
Caplule ovate, acute, hinc planz illinc convexiuículz, lateribus
apicem verfus ferrulatis, apice divifo. Filamenta ut in caeteris.
Stylus ftigmatibus duobus. |
The great difference between this and remota, to which it feems
moft allied, is, that axillaris has a ftrong and rigid culm, remota a
foft, thin, and weak one. Æxfllaris has its fpicule in the bafe of
the leaves by threes, fometimes by fives, particularly the lowermoft.
The
152 | : Dr. Goonenoven’s Obfervaiions
The remota. never has more than one fpikelet at the bafe of each
leaf. Remota has its capfules entire at the apex—Avillaris bifid.
Linnæus, in his Sp. PL. feems to have defcribed C. remota twice over,
under the names of axillaris and remota. Whether he had feen this
fpecies, or whether he defcribed remota twice through mere inad-
vertence, I know not. No perfon, I believe, has noticed this {pe-
cies, except Mr. Buddle, who very properly queftions the propriety
of its being claffed with remota.
I am indebted to my very intelligent friend Mr. Curtis for roots
of this plant, who firft found it near Puiney.
9 CAREX INCURV A.
C. fpicà conicà fpiculis plurimis congeftis feffilibus compofità, in-
volucro nullo, culmo incurvo. Lightfoot Flora Scot. p. 544.
pl.24. 7. Dan. 432.
Carex juncifolia. AHioni FI Pedemont. 2296. t. 92. f. 4.
Having never had the good fortune of feeing this plant growing;
and having only imperfect fpecimens of it, I muft refer to Mr.
Lightfoor’s defcription and figure. Mr. Lighffoor’s figure reprefents |
the plant in flower: in its feeding ftate it lofes fomething of its
conic form, and becomes obtufe. The capfules are fomewhat
oblong and acute, and a little longer than the fquamz, which are
ovate, and fomewhat acute.
W hen honoured with permiffion to confult her Majeh s Eebe-
rium, | faw Mr. Lighifoor’s original fpecimen. Fearful of doin
any injury, by handling it, I forbore taking a minute defcription
of it. It ranks next to C. arenaria, from which it is fufficiently
diftin&, by its conic and compact ipike. - 4
10. CAREX
on the Britifh Species of Carex. 153
% to. CAREX ARENARIA.
Spica foliosà oblonga .acutiufculd, fpiculis plurimis; terminalibus
mafculis ; inferioribus foemineis, culmo incurvo. Buddie, Hort.
Si. p. 31. n. 7. Mich. Gem p. 67. n. 1 & 2. f. 3. quoad
figuram fpica, & f. 4.
Carex arenaria. Leers, t. 14. f. 2. FJ. Suec. n. 835. Fi. NM p. 404.
Fi, Scot. 545. Withering, 1029.
Habitat in arenofis maritimis. Junio.
Radix valde repens, craffa, ramis divaricatis. Folia angufta,
nigro-viridia, ad margines carinamque afperiufcula, variantia culmo
breviora, longiora. Cu/mus incurvus, 4-12 uncialis, triqueter, an-
gulis acutis fcabriufculis. Spica compofita fpiculis circiter 7-16 ob-
longis, androgynis, furfum imbricatis, inferné remotiufculis, brac-
teatis, bracteis foliaceis, inferioribus brevibus, in folium tenuiffi-
mum definentibus; fuperioribus ovatis membranaceis fub-aphyllis.
In omni fere fpiculà flores terminales mafculi—Spicule inferiores
fub-foeminez, fuperiores fub-mafculz. Squamæ ovate, acuta, (longo
fæpiùs acumine), capfulas maturas æquantes. Cap/ule ovatz, acu-
minatz, hinc plane fulcatæ, illinc carinatz, apicem verfus utrin-
que alatæ f. margine membranaceo, ore bifido. Filamenta & antheræ
ut in ceteris. Stylus ftigmatibus duobus.
Mr. Lightfoot’s defcription of this plant is very well drawn: but I
have fpoken fufficiently of it under C. intermedia. It is not ufually
found but in the vicinity of the fea-fhore, and there, for the moit
part, in loofe fand. I have been told that it has been found in the
inland parts of Germany, in fand, which evidently appears to be the
fame as what we call fea-fand, and, perhaps, before the difavian
wreck of the world, had its place on the fea-fide,
Vor. II. X ] have
154 Da. GoopENoUGu's Obfervations
I have often brought roots of it into my garden, but they would
never flourifh handfomely. They exift indeed, but fcarcely ever
produce flowers, and fhew every token. of diftafte and difaffec-
tion.
I have fcarcely a doubt but that Michelius was deceived in the
fpecimens fent him, and drew his figure t. 33. f. 3. (which is quoted
under C. difficha of Mr. Hudjfon) from an old dried fpecimen of C.
arenaria, as any one may judge who will compare the fpecimens of
that plant, which he will find withering in the months of Auguft
and September. Had the culm been reprefented incurved, I could
have had no doubt. Michelius received his fpecimens from London
and Paris.
11 CAREX INTERMEDIA.
C. Spicà oblongà obtusà, {piculis plurimis; infimis terminalique
-~ femineis; intermediis mafculis, culmo ereéto. Buddle, Hort,
Sic. p. 31. n. 4.
C. arenaria, Leers, t. 14. f. 2.
C. difticha, F7 Angl. p. 403. F7. Scot. 546. Withering, 1028.
C. fpicata, Poilich, n. 875.
Habitat in paluftribus. Junio.
Radix valdè repens, craffiufcula, perennis—Fo/a faturatè viri-
dia, erecta, ad margines carinamque afperiufcula, culmo fæpe bre-
viora. Culmus erectus, firmiufculus, triqueter, angulis acutis afperis,
pedalis & ultra, nudus. Spica androgyna, compofita, fpiculis 8-20
approximatis, furfum imbricatis, ovatis, circiter tribus infimis &
terminah fub-feemineis, ceteris fub-mafculis—in foemineis fcilicet
fepius flos unus aut alter mafculus, & in mafculis foemineus con-
fpiciendus eft. Flores foeminei femper inferiores. Ad fpicam infe-
riorem
en the Britifh Species of Carex. 155
-
riorem bractea bafi ovata, fuperné in foliolum fetaceum longiufcu-
lum definens—ad caeteras, braétea ovata fub-aphylla. Squamæ
fufcæ, ovatæ, acutæ, capfulas æquantes, nervo carinali concolore. -
Cap/ula oblonga, acuminata, ore divifo, hinc plana, illinc convexiuf-
cula lateribus (oculo bene armato), membrana fub-lacerà f. ferru-
lata marginatis. Filamenta & antheræ ut in cæteris. Stylus ftigma-
- tibus duobus.
The name dificha (which by no means correfponds with its
growth) being applied to this plant, has occafioned its being not
well known: Pollich revolts at the idea, and calls it /picata. Mr.
Lyons obferves, that the {pike is vix difficha. As the leading cha-
racter in this Carex is its having generally the intermediate fpiculæ
almoft entirely male, I have ventured to apply a name which has
immediate refpect to this uncommon circumftance. :
The C. intermedia and arenaria approach fo nearly to each
other, that I fcarcely know what to make of the defcriptions which
{fome authors have given of them—I apprehend that they have
trufted too much to their place of growth: no dependance can be
placed on that matter. Although C. intermedia does not grow in
fand, yet it is by no means unufual to find arenaria in meadows by
the fea-fide. Mr. Lightfoot had not a correét notion of intermedia
(his dficha), for he fays it differs from C. arenaria by not having a
creeping root, whereas in fact no Carex is more ftrongly endowed
with this injurious quality. Po//ic/s defcription is not accurate, for
he takes no notice of the female terminal fpikelet. Leers, always
accurate, rightly attends to this prominent feature: no one can
miftake his figure.
Some of the fpiculæ in this fpecies, and in arenaria, being purely
male, and others female, would almoft juftify the clafling of them
amongft thofe fexu difiincias—but it is not conftant enough to war-
LT rant
156 Dr. GoopENovaon's Obfervations
rant fuch a ftep asthat; befides, the habit is altogether that of the
androgynous ones. For although Leers fays he found the inter-
mediate fpikelets purely male, yet in almoft all of them two or
three female flowers are to be feen at the bafe; and thus in the fe-
male fpiculæ, male flowers from 1—3 at the fummit. A few fpi-
culz are truly androgynous.
After all it muft be allowed, that intermedia and arenaria are very
nearly allied. Notwithftanding the obfcurity thrown over thefe
plants by the confufion arifing from wrong fynonyms and imper-
fe& defcriptions, yet there is character enough peculiar to each.
In intermedia, the root creeps deeply under ground, and in a very ir-
regular manner. In arenaria, it creeps juft below the furface, and
while the main fhoot runs in a ftraight line, fide-fhoots ftrike off at
right angles; it makes a beautiful appearance by this means, form-
ing, with the fhoots it fends up, parterres, &c. which become at once
its ornament and diftinétion. In znfermedia the culm is erect, in
arenaria incurved. In intermedia, the {pike (the terminal fpicula be-
ing feminine) is obtufe: in arenaria (many of the terminal fpiculæ
being almoft entirely male) it is acute. In intermedia, the capfule has
its margin entire; in arezaría, it is marginated on each fide towards
the apex with a broadifh membrane. :
I have never met with the variety @ of Mr. Hudfon. I have
obferved indeed, occafionally, fome of the fpikes with very few fpi-
cule; but I never found any plant throwing up all its culms in
pie with fo few fpiculæ as are reprefented i in Plukenet’s figure.
Dr. Withering fuppoles this as to be a reprefentation of Mr.
Hudfor? s C. brizoides.
Leyfer can fcarcely bẹ fuppofed to know Mr. Hudfon’s C. difticha;
for he fays, Nulla laudabilis figura bujus Caricis quantum novi extat,
Marif. Hift. 3. £ 8. t. 12. f. 32. iHi quodammodo fimilis. See Ley/er’s
Fi. Hal, C. difficha,
*
But
on tbe Britifh Species of Carex. 157
But Leers’s figure is moft excellent, which work he quotes. See
Carex acuta, Fl. Hal. n. 959.
I2 CAREX DIVISA. Ta. t9. fg. 2.
Spicà ovatà fub-decompofità foliolo erecto inftruétà, fpiculis fub-
confertis, capfulis adpreffis, radice repenti. Buddle’s Hort. Sic
P. 31. n. 3. F7. Angl. p. 405.—Withering. p. 1033. ;
Habitat in paluftribus maritimis. Maio, Junio.
_ Radix valdé repens, craffa, perennis. Fo//a faturaté viridia, erecta,
ad margines carinafque afperiufcula, culmo longiora, angufta, apicem
verfus tenuiffima. Cu/nus erectus, debilis, pedalis & ultra, ad fpicam
foliofus foliolo fæpiùs longiffimo (variat autem & brevi, immó bre-
vilimo) tenui, ere&o, triqueter angulis acutiflimis (variat etiam
obtufiufculis) afperiufculis. , Spica compofita eft ubi nec raró de-
compofita, quippe ad bafin fpicæ divifio fit, unde decompofitio
oritur. Scilicet ramulus breviffimus, fi fas fit hoc nomine appel-
lare, fpiculas quafdam ovatas confertas gerit. Sub omni fpiculà
bractea fufca, oblonga, inferius lata, apice in fetam brevem definens,
fubtenditur. Spicule ovatæ, fub-contiguæ, erectz, floribus termina-
libus mafculis. Squamæ fufcæ, ovate, acutiffimz, capfulà longiores.
Capfule ovate, acute, hinc fub-cavz, illinc gibbz, arétè imbricatæ,
rachi appreffz, nec minimé patentes, apicem verfus fub-membra-
nacco-marginatz. Filamenta ut in cexteris—Sty/us fligmatibus
duobus; & iifdem, fepiüs prz maritos tardos exfpectando, longi-.
oribus. |
I have not ventured to adduce any fynonyms from Lobel, Gerard,
or Parkinfon. The fimilarity between this and miuricata is in fome
ftages of. growth. and fituations too clofe to be kept apart by fuch
de fis :
rude bgures This.
mme
458 Da. GoopEenoven’s Ob/ervations
. ‘This plant varies very much—fometimes the culm is triquetrous
with very fharp angles, fometimes it is rather blunt; fometimes the
erect floral leaf is extremely fhort, fometimes it is extended to a
great length: but the root is always very thick and creeping; the
leaves very narrow and ereét; the culm very thin, and has the
habit of a Scirpus.—The fpike has its fpikelets fub-contiguous,
often crowded ; and the capfules are clofely imbricated, and rather
turning inward, not at all {preading or opening.
The male flowers, which in this fpecies terminate the fpikeleti,
appear very late, which often occafions a confiderable elongation of
the ftyles waiting for their impregnation. Perhaps this circum-
ftance might be urged as a collateral proof of the truth of the
fexual fyftem.
14 CAREX MURICATA.
Spica oblonga fub-decompofita, fpiculis diftinétis, capfulis diver-
gentibus ore fiffo, radice fibrosâ. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 32. n. 3
Petrver. Hort. Sic. vol. 1. p. 166. n. 4.
Gramen fylvaticum tenuifolium rigidiufculum. Morif. Hifi. Ox. III.
LÉ Gt 19, L27
Gramen cyperoides minus. fpicis minoribus minufque compaétis.
Scheuchzer, 488. t. 11. f. 5.
Carex nemorofa, fibrosá radice, anguftifolia, minimá caule exqui-
fitè triangulari, {pica brevi interruptà. Michel, p. 69. t. 33.
f. R, and fig. 14 Fi, Suecica, n. 839.
C. fpicata. Flo. Angl. 406. Withering 1032. Flora Scot. 548.
Habitat in fylvis & pratis humidis. Maio, Junio.
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia amoené viridia, angufta, ad oras
carinafque afpera, culmo longiora. Culmus erectus, pedalis & ultra,
triqueter,
—————— me o bin
Sans — el
on the Britifb Species of Carex. 159
triqueter, angulis acutis afperis. Spica androgyna, compofita, fæpe
decompofita: fpiculæ circiter decem, infernè remote, fuperné con-
tiguæ, ovate, fefliles, apice mafculæ, braéteatæ bra&eà bafi fub-
ovata, fuperné in foliolum fetaceum hifpidum definenti—hee
bractea ad inferiores fpiculam fuam longé fuperat—Squamæ ovatz,
acute, capfulà breviores, fufcæ, margine membranaceo albo, nervo
dorfali viridi. Cap/ule ovate, acute, hinc planz, illinc convexa,
glabræ, ad margines fuperné hifpidiufculæ, fub-divergentes, ore.
bifido. Filamenta ut in plerique. Stylus ftigmatibus duobus.
The Linnean herbarium countenances my differing from the
authors of our country in the naming of this plant C; muricata;
for it ftands there fo infcribed by Linnæus himfelf. Indeed the little
plant which is ufually called mwricata, by no means juftifies.the accu-
racy of appellation for which Linneus was fo remarkable. On the
contrary, this plant fully correfponds with the appearance which
might be expected from that name.
I am very fully perfuaded that Limneus, and after him the Swedifh
botanifts, confounded the two plants. This appears pretty evident
from the figures quoted by L;zmeus; and it is but fair to imagine
that they thought it varied from foil and fituation. Haller, i in his
hiftory, n. 1366, fays he received Mr. Hud/on's muricata from Sweden
under the name muricata. This circumftance, and Linneus’s nam-
ing this plant of which I am now fpeaking muricata alfo, confirm.
me in my idea.
C. muricata differs from vulpina, by never having its fpike Seti
decompofite, nor the culm enlarged beneath the fpike. It differs.
from C. divifa of Mr. Hudfon, by its fibrous root, and by having its.
capfules diverging, and no erect leaf under the fpike. It differs.
from flellulata, by its numerous and contiguous fpiculæ, and its.cap- -
fules divided at the fummit,
Var.
460 Dr. GoopENoven’s Obfervations
Var. f. There is a variety rather flenderer in its form, with its
{pike rarely decompound—The culm is not fo rough on its angles,
. and towards the bafe it is roundifh, infomuch that many havetaken
it for divifa of Hudf inclined fo to do by his fpecific defcription,
and by Parkinfon's fynonym. Michelius, te 33. f. 12, and Scheuchzer,
t. II. f. 5. are rather reprefentations of this variety. A plant of
Jt is preferved in vol. 12. of Uvedak’s Herb. Rayanum, p. 72. n. 2.
14 CAREX DIVULS A.
Spicà decompofità elongata -bafi Gibsrepapils {piculis inferioribus
remotis; fummis contiguis, capfulis fub-ercétis. Buddle, Hort. Sic.
p. 32. n. 4. Pet. Hort. Sic. p. 166. n. 2. and p. 167. n. 1.
Carex nemorofa, fibrofà radice, caule exquifité triangulari, fpicà
longa divulsà feu interruptà, capitulis folitariis, praeterquam
ultimo. Mich. Gen. 69. t. 33. f. 10. Withering, 1035.
C. canefcens, F7. Ang. 405.
Habitat in nemorofis humidis. Maio, Junio, Julio.
Radix perennis, fibrofa. Folia faturaté viridia, fubangufta, carina
marginibufque afperis, culmo longiora. Culmus pedalis, fefqui-
pedalis, debilis, fub-reclinatus, triqueter, angulis acutis afperiuf-
culis. Spica interrupta, elongata, bafi fub-ramofa, androgyna—
Spiculz inferiores remotz, plurimæ, ovate, feffiles, bracteis fetaceis
. hifpidis; fuperiores contigua floribus mafculis terminalibus. Squamae
membranacez, albæ, ovatz, mucrónatz, nervo dorfali viridi qui in
mucronem exit, capfulis longiores. Cap/u/a ovata, acuta, hinc plana,
illinc convexiufcula, erectiufcula, ore bifido. Stamina tra. Stylus
brevis, ftigmatibus duobus.
I : pum The
RE Bae RRR y eoe
WU terne penser
on tbe Britifo Species of Carex. 161
The figure of Mrcbelius is too accurately drawn to admit of any doubt
in the application of it: neither would this plant have ever come
iuto difpute, had not Loe/el’s figure t. 32, been adduced to reprefent
it. How that miftake arofe I know not—It feems to have origi-
nated with Mr. Ray* himfelf. See Ray Syn. p. 424. Loefél’s figure
aptly enough reprefents Linnæus’s C. canefcens and Hudfon's brizoides,
particularly the latter, for the outline of both is nearly the fame: -
but it has nothing to do with C. Z/vul/z.
Carex d/vul/a has a weakifh reclining culm, a long interrupted
fpike, with one or two branches at the bafe; the fpikelets are re-
motes and the capfules, though ftanding loofe and a little fpread-
ing, yet are not diverging. This laft circumftance is worth attend-
ing to, as it keeps it diftinét from thin ftarved fpecimens of Carex
vulpina, as figured by Leers, t. 14. f. 3.
153 CAREX VULPINA.
. C. fpicá fupra-decompofità coar&tato-ramos4 obtusa, fpiculis fupernè
mafculis, capfulis divergentibus, culmi angulis aomtiffimis. Buddle
Hort. Sic. p. 32. n. I.
Carex paluftris major, radice fibrosà, caule exquifité triangulari,
{pica brevi habitiori compacta, Mich. Gen. 69. t. 33. f. 13.,
Gramen cyperoides paluftre majus. Park. 1266. Morif. Hifi. Oxon.
III. 244. f. 8. t. 12. f. 24.
Leers, t. 14 f. 5. With. 1030, where fee an account of the feveral
varieties of this fpecies. FJ. Dan. t. 308. Pollich. n. 876. Fi.
Suecica, n. 838. Fl. Angl: p. 404.
* Mr. Ray was in general fo very accurate that it may be queftioned whether later
writers have not miftaken him. Loe/e/’s figure is fo plain and chara&teriftic, that it may
be doubted whether Rays fynogym does not aCtually relate to Lee/el, that is, to our
C. curta.
Vor. II. ¥ | Habitat
162 |... Dn. Goopenoucn’s Obfervations
Habitat paffim in paluftribus, & ad ripas foffarum & fluviorum.
| Maio.
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia faturaté viridia, latiufcula, ad oras
carinafque afpera, culmum fuperantia. Cu/mus erectus, firmus, rachi
fpicæ multo auctior, pedalis, bipedalis, triqueter, lateribus fub-exca-
vatis, & inde angulis acutiffimis, afperis. Spica androgyna, fupra-
decompofita, coarétato-ramofa, oblonga, obtufa, ramis diftanti-.
bus rigidis. Ad bafin omnis rami, braétea bafi ovata, fuperné in
foliolum fetaceum hifpidum definens—Spiculæ fefliles, ovato-ro-
tundz, fuperné mafculæ—Squamæ ovatz, acuminate, fufcæ, mem-
branaceæ, nervo dorfali viridi, capfulis paulo longiores. Cap/ule
oblongæ, acuminatz, hinc planæ, illinc convexiufculz, divergentes,
ore bifido. Filamenta tria, antheris linearibus flavis. — Szy/us ftigma-
tibus duobus.
Of this well-known fpecies no doubt can be entertained.— The
ftoutnefs of its culm, the clofenefs and rigid nature of the fpike, and
its fupradecompgfition, mark it very ftrongly. Dr. Withering notes
feveral varieties, but they all fall under the general defcription which
I have given above. To diftinguifh it ftill more nicely from fome
of its affinities, obferve—1. That the fpike is furnifhed with many
braéteæ ending in a fetaceous leaf, and that the culm is moft
fharply triangular, and the fides are hollowed, or fink in.—' Then
the capfules are divaricated. Moreover, the culm is enlarged be-
low the fpike, and feems fuddenly contracted when it meets the-
rachis of the fpike. Hence it feems to be very different from muri-
cata, to which it is moft nearly allied; and alfo from fereriufcula,
which has its culm fomewhat roundifh. | E
` Leers fig. t. 14. f. 3. is a variety of this plant, and not Carex di-
vulfa, as is evident from the diverging of the capfules.
pL
16. CAREX
-—
on the Britifo Species of Carex. 163
*
16. CAREX TERETIUSCULA. Taz. 10. fig. 3.
Spica fupra-decompofita coarétato-ramosâ acutiufculà, fpiculis glo-
meratis fuperné mafculis, capfulis patentibus, culmo teretiuf-
culo. |
Habitat in paluftribus propé Norwich. Dom. Crowe. Maio,
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia viridia, erecta, rigidiufcula, cul-
mi feré dimidium vaginantia, vagina fuperà hinc membranaceà
tranfverfim rugofà, bafi extus convexa, intus canaliculata, fupernè
carinata ut in cæteris accidit, oris carinàque afpera, culmo florifero
longiora—Folium fuperum cæteris longius evadit.—Cu/zus florifer
folis + brevior, triqueter angulis acutis afperis, inter angulos
autem quafi torus longitudinalis prominulus, adeó ut culmus tere-
tiufculus vifus eft. Culmus tandem pedalis, fefquipedalis evadit.
—Spica androgyna, terminalis, ovato-oblonga, acutiufcula, fupra-
decompofita, bracteà infimä breviffimà, bafi dilatatä, utrinque mem-
branacea fufcà, margine ipfo albo, in fetam definenti fpiculà fu&
breviori. Spiculæ &fpiculellæ ovatæ, acutz, feffiles—Flores mafculi |
fuperiores, plures; foeminei inferiores, circiter fex—Squamz fufcae
margine albo membranaceæ, nervo dorfali viridi abbreviato, ovatz,
acutæ.—Cap/ule ovate, acute, hinc planiufculæ, illinc convexæ,
gibbæ, marginibus ferrato-hifpidis, patentes—Maturz fquamä fub-
tensà + longiores. Filamenta tria, antheris linearibus flavis. Syg-
mata duo. |
I underftand that Mr. Crowe of Norwich is the difcoverer of this
plant. It comes very near C. paniculata, but it is nearly twice as
{mall in all its parts.,
X As
164 Dr. GoopENovGH's Obfervations
As far as cultivating it three years will enable me tofpeak, I
will beg leave to ftate a difference. Its fpike is never in the
leaft panicled, but always clofe: its feeds are remarkably gibbous
on one fide, which is not obfervable in paniculata: its culm is not
triangular, like that of paniculata, but, owing to a prominent line
running down the planes of the fides, roundifh—not but that it
always retains fomewhat of a triangular form, with its angles rough.
Its leaves are erect, and ufually incurved—Paniculata lias them al-
ways-{preading. It differs in ceconomy alfo, not forming thofe
large tufts of grafs for which paniculata is fo remarkable.
It has no affinity to vulpina, for its capfules are never diverging,
nor its culm enlarged beneath the rachis of the fpike.
As the round appearance of the culm is an obvious mark of
diftinétion, I reft the fpecific difference principally upon that cir-
cumftance. The gibbofity of the capfule alfo is very conftant. -
Mr. Curtis favoured me with roots of this plant.
17 CAREX PANICULATA.
B
€, {pica fupra-decompofità paniculato-ramosà acuta; ramis alternis
remotiufculis, capfulis patentibus, culmo triquetro. Buddle Hort.
Sic. p. 31. n. 1. Per. Hort. Sie. Vol. 1. p. 163. n. 1. both va-
rieties ?
Cyperus alpinus longus inodorus, paniculà ferrugined minus fparsà.
Scheuchzer 499. prod. t. 8.
Carex radice repenti caule exquifitè triangulari fpicà multiplici
ferrugineà & fuícà. Mich, Gen. 68. t. 33. f. 7.
Gramen cyperoides paluftre elatius fpicà longiore lax. Mori Hif.
Oxon. MI. 244. f. 8.t. 12. f. 23. Sp. Plant. p. 1383. Leers;
t. I4. f. 4 Pollich, n. 882. FY. Angl. 403. Withering 1036.
s Habi-
on the Britifh Species of Carex. 165
Habitat in paluftribus putridis & aquofis, Junio.
Virginia Water.
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia viridia, ad oras carinafque valdè
afpera, culmo longiora, fub-angufta, canaliculata, exteriora brevi-
ora. Culmus pedalis, 2-pedalis & ultra, inferné foliis obfitus, erec-
tus, ftrictus, triqueter, angulis acutioribus afperis. Spica fupra-de-
compofita, paniculato-ramofa, androgyna. Ad bafin cujufque ra-
muli, bractea ovata in mucronem elongatum nonnunquam in fetam
definens, fulva, membranacea, margine albo. Ad omnem etiam
fpiculam unica ejufdem forme. Spicule infere remote, fuperæ
congeftæ, ovate, omnes fefhles, floribus inferioribus, circiter qua-
tuor fœmineis, fuperioribus pluribus maículis— Squamz ovatæ,
concave, acute, membranaceæ, fuíce, margine albz, carinatæ, ca-
rinà ciliato-hifpidà, nervo dorfali viridi, capfularum fere longitudine.
Capfule ovatæ, acute, laxe, patentes, hinc planz, illinc convexz,
ad margines ferrulatæ, acuminatæ, ore bifido.. Filamenta tria, an-
theris linearibus flavis. S/ylus brevis, ftigmatibus duobus.
The lax branchy difpofition of the fpike is a fufficient mark of
difcrimination in this fpecies. As the term racemus compofitus,
though fcientifically exact, and applicable to this fpecies, feldom
occurs in the Linnean defcription, I have changed it for one of a
more general and popular nature, /pica paniculato-ramofa.
The branches are alternate, and fomewhat diftant from each
other.—The capfules in this fpecies are fometimes fomewhat di-
verging, and of the fame length as the iquama which guards them,
—The whole {pike is triquetrous, oblong, and acute at its firft
opening.
. This Carex is admirably well qualified for planting in loofe
boggy
166 Dr. GOODENOUGH’S Obfervations
‘boggy ground; its immenfe tufts forming firm fupport for the
heavieft bodies.
The Var. 8 of Withering, upon being cultivated in a rich wet
foil, formed its {pike as branching as Var. a.
IS "CARES "DIGITAT A.
C. bracteis membranaceis fub-aphyllis vaginantibus dimidiatis, fpi-
cis linearibus erectis : mafculà breviori, capfulis diftantibus.
Gramen caryophyllatum polycarpon fructu triangulo. Loef. Pruf.
p. 112. t. 27. | |
Gramen caryophyllatum montanum fpicà varia. Baubin. Prodr.
p. 9. Scheuchzer, p. 448. t. 10. f. 14.
Cyperoïdes montanum nemorofum, caule triquetro, compreffo, fpicis
ferrugineis tenuioribus inter fe diftantibus; capfulis rarius dif-
pofitis, oblongis, turbinatis, trilateris. Mich. Gen. 65. t. 32.
Kig: Lees, t. 16. f. 4. F Angl p. 409. Pollich. n. 884.
Fi, Sunt n. 844. Withering, 1041.
Habitat in fylvis & umbrofis propè Bath. D. Sok.
Radix fibrofa, perennis; partes qua radici proximz, feu culmi
five folia fint, omnes rubræ. Fo/ia nigro-viridia, culmo inflorefcenti
longiora, marginibus ad bafin retrorfum hifpidis, ad medium levi-
bus, apicem verfus antrorfum hifpidis, carina lzeviffimá. | Cu/mus -
6— 12 uncialis erectiufculus, obíoleté triqueter, angulis obfoletis, bafi -
fquamis ftriatis vaginantibus in foliolum acutum breviffimum defi-
nentibus obveftitus. Spice fexu diftinétæ, terminalis mafcula, tres
aliquando duæ fubjeétæ fœmineæ, omnes lineares—Spica mafcula
tenuis, fquamis rubro-ferrugineis, oblongo-ovatis, obtufis, nervo
dorfali viridi Spice foeminez etiam tenues, circiter 7-floræ, pe-
4 dunculatz,
on tbe Britifh Species of Carex. 167
dunculatz, bracteà membranaceà fub-aphyllà (rariüs fcilicet in fo-
liolum breviffimum acutum definit) dimidium pedunculi cujufque
ampleétenti; fuperior ad bafin fpicæ mafculæ fita eft, & eandem
altitudine fuperat—cæteræ inferiores remotiufculæ. Flores laxé im-
bricati, alterni, diftantes—Squamæ ut in mafculà capfulam æquan-
tes. Caplule obovate, trigonæ, acute, pubefcentes, apice indi-
vifo. Filamenta tria—Stigmata tria.
19 CAREX CLANDESTINA.
C. bra&eis membranaceis fub-aphyllis vaginantibus, fpicis foemineis
remotis vaginam vix exfuperantibus.
Cyperoides montanum humile anguftifolium, culmo veluti foliofo
{picis obfeffo. Scheuchzer, 407. t. 1o. f. x. Mich. Gen. 63.
t. 32. f. 8. ex auctontate cel. Schreberi, Spic. fl. pf. p. 65.
n. 1013. |
Habitat in rupe Sanéti Vincentii dicta, propè Briftol. D. Sole.
Radix perennis, fibrofa. Fola tenuia, culmo triplo & ultra lon-
giora, canaliculata, marginibus carinàque apicem verfus afpera.
Culmus brevis, erectus, teretiufculus, hinc planiufculus, glaber..
Spice fexu diftinte, una mafcula, tres faeminez, omnes remote,
Spica ma/cula terminalis, oblonga, acuta, femuncialis, {quamis fufco-
ferrugineis, ovato-oblongis, obtufis, margine lato, membranaceo, albo,
nervo dorfali viridi. Spice feminee oblongiufculæ, paucifloræ, pe-
dunculatz—Ad unamquamque fpicam braétea membranacea, fzpius
aphylla, quæ non modo pedunculum, verum etiam fpicam ipfam,
fæpius finu fovet. Hzc braétea nonnunquam in foliolum brevif-
fimum exit.—Squamz ut in mafculà, capfulam fubæquantes. Cap-
jila ovata, trigona, acutiufcula, ore indivifo. Filamenta ut in
ceteris. S¥y/us ftigmatibus tribus, longis.
If
*
168 — Dr. Goopvenovcn’s Obfervations
- If the very fingular mode of growth in the C. digitata and clan-
deftina did not ftrike the eye of the moft incurious, the membra-
naceous vagina would be a fufficient diftinétion. In this fpecies
the {pikes are pedunculated, but ftill, in their lowering ftate, rarely
exceed the length of the vagina. This en Taine: and the
flowering culms themfelves being hidden among the leaves,
induced me to call it clandefina. It flowers very early in the
Spring, in the very beginning of Apri. He who cultivates it
would do well to fhelter it at that feafon from froft and wet,
which often prevent it from ripening its feeds, or indeed opening its
flower. It thrives in the garden, almoft equally well in the com-
mon border, or in a watery fituation. But all Carices certainly
prefer moifture,
This plant, as I am informed, ie been Poe of by Dick and
other pupils of Haller under the name of argentea, and by Allioni un-
der the name of profrata. It is the bumuilis of Leyfer and of Schreber.
The leaves, which overfhadow the culms at their firft appear-
ance, are thofe of the preceding year, which'ufually continue green
till their fucceffors are enabled to take their place, and continue
"e fyftem of protection. !
*
20. CAREX PENDULA.
C. vaginis longis fubzquantibus, fpicis cylindricis longiffimis pendu-
. Iis, capfulis confertiffimis ovatis acutis. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 28.
n. 2. Uvedale, Herb, Ray, vol. 12. p. 65. À & B.
Gramen cyperoides fpicà pendula longiore. Mori. Hif. Ox. III.
242. 1.8. t. 12. f. 4. FJ. Angl. 411. Withering, 1046. FI. Scot.
564. Curtis FI. Londinenfis. :
Habitat in fylvis, & fepibus frequentius. Maio, Junio.
» Radix
on the Britifh Species of Carex. 169.
Padi» fibrofa, perennis. Fola lata, craffa, rigida, nigrosviridia;
fubtus glaucefcentia; ad margines carinafque afperrima, culmo
breviora. Cu/mus 2—6.pedalis, erectus, firmus, triqueter, angulis
inferné acutis, fuperné obtufiufculis, omnino glabris, nifi ad fum-
mum ubi internodium unum aut alterum afperiufculum eft.
Spice una mafcula, circiter fex fceminez. Spica mafcula triquetra,
angulis acutis, fub-clavata, 2—4 uncialis, terminalis, fquamis ob-
longis, acutis, fufcis, membranaceis, nervo dorfali viridi Spice
foeminez cylindricæ, pedunculatæ, 4—6 unciales, pendulz, bracteis
longé breviores, remotæ, floribus inferioribus remotis, fuperioribus
arCtiüs imbricatis. Squamz membranaceæ, nigra, oblonga, acute,
nervo dorfali viridi lato. Ad bafin omnis pedunculi braétea, f.
folium vaginans longum, vagina plerumque pedunculi longitu-
dine. Cap/ula ovata, triquetra, glabra, acuta, ore indivifo, fquamá
fuà longior. Filamenta tria. Stylus ftigmatibus tribus.
The great fize of this Carex, and its very long pendulous cylin-
drical fpikes, enable the botanift to difcriminate it at a great dif-
tance—It has remarkably fmall capfules for its fize.
21. CAREX STRIGOSA. Tap. 20, fg. 4
C. vagin : longis fubæquantibus, fpicis filiformibus laxis pendulis,
capfulis oblongis fub-triquetris acutis.
Uvedale, Herb. Rayan. vol. 12. p. 64. n. 2. Fh Angl, Att.
Withering, 1047.
Habitat in fylvis & fepibus—In fylvà Witham dicta, propè Oxoniam.
Dr. Sheffield. Aprili, Maio.
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia lætè viridia, lata, marginibus ca-
rinâque afperis. Cu/mus erectus, 2-pedalis & ultra, triqueter, angu-
lis acutis glabris, folis longior. Spice unica mafcula, circiter fep-
Vor. Il. Z tem
170 Da. Gooptnoucn’s Ob/erwations
tem fdminez, Spica mafcula terminalis, linearis, teretiufculus,
biuncialis, recta, Squama pallidè virentes, ovato-oblongæ, acute,
margine membranaceo, albo, nervo dorfali lato, viridi. Spice
foeminez circiter feptem, omnes filiformes, teretes, remotæ, primo
eredz, mox pendule, pedunculatæ, floribus laxé imbricatis; fu-
periores fzpiüs floribus aliquot mafculis terminalibus. Squamz ut
in mafculà. Ad bafin omnis pedunculi braétea, f. folium vaginans,
fatis longum, vagina pedunculi longitudine. Cap/xla oblonga,
triquetra, acuta, ore indivifo, fquamà demum fere duplo longior.
Filamenta tria, antheris SEES pallide flavis. Stylus ftigmati-
bus tribus.
In Ray’s Sympfis P- 419. n. 11. there is a fhort, but very expreffive
defcription of this plant. In noting however the affinity between
this and C. /y/vatica, it is alledged that this has either none or
very fhort footitalks ; and other authors have copied this error—
It has in fact long footftalks, but they are concealed within the
- vagina— This concealment led the old botanifts to defcribe it as
having none.
It differs from /y/vatica by its having its peduncles fcarcely longer
than the vagina, and by its capfules being three-cornered and
acute, but not with a long taper roftrum.
My friend Dr. ohn Sibthorp, the learned Regius Profeffor of Bo-
tany in the univerfity of Oxford, has lately difcovered this plant in
another fituation in the neighbourhood of Oxford,
22. CAREX P R JE C O X.
C. vaginis brevibus fubæquantibus, bi approximatis ; mafculA
fubclavata ; foemineis ovatis, capfulis fubrotundis pubefcentibus.
Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 6 & 8. Uvedale, Herb. Rayan. vol. 12.
P: 63. n. 3.
Gramen
on the Britifb Species of Carex. 57%
Gramen cyperoides fpicatum, Gerard. em. p. 22.
Gramen fpicatum foliis caryophylleis, Park, 1160. acquis Fi,
Aufiriac. 46, Withering, 1043. |
Carex montana, FJ. Angl. 407. FI. Scot, 551.
. Habitat in pratis & ericetis. "Aprili, Maio,
Radix repens, perennis. Folia faturaté viridia, tenuia, ad mar-
gines carinamque afpera, culmo breviora. Cu/mus erectus, 6— 12
uncialis, triqueter, angulis obtufiufculis glabris. Spice una maf-
cula, tres foeminex, approximate propè fummitatem culmi. Spica .
maícula femuncialis & ultra, oblonga, fæpius fub-clavata, triquetra,
erecta, fquamis membranaceis, fub-ferrugineis, oblongis, acutis,
nervo dorfali viridi. Spice foeminez ad bafin mafculæ, ovatæ, bre-
viter pedunculatz, ereCtx, floribus denfiufculé imbricatis; fquamis
ovatis, acutis, capfulas fubæquantibus. Ad bafin pedunculorum, ©
præfertim inferioris, braétea, f. foliolum vaginans, breve, vagina brevi,
pedunculum brevem æquanti. Hoc foliolum nunquam aut rarif-
fimè culmum fuperat. Cap/ula ovata, fub-triquetra, achtiufcula,
ore indivifo, tomentofa, mox nigricans. Filamenta ut in cæteris,
Stylus ftigmatibus tribus.
This plant is very eafy to be diftinguifhed from the pilulifera and
faxatilis of Mr. Hudfon, by its having its {pikes fhortly peduncu-
lated, and its peduncles encompaíled by a vagina or fheath equal-
ing them in length. Pilulifera and faxatilis of Mr. Hudfon have no
vaginz. lf the vagina be attended to, it will foon be difcovered
that no one of the Britifh fpecies bears any refemblance to this.
C. præcox has a creeping root and an erect ftalk, with angles fome-
what fharpifh. It is a very common plant, growing on moft of
our heaths and in meadows.
Z2 23. CARE X
172 Dr. GoopENovcu's Obfervations
23 CAREX FILIFORMIS. Tas. 20. fig. 5.
C. vaginis brevibus fubæquantibus, fpicis mafculis fub-duabus h-
nearibus; foemineis ovatis remotis, capfulis hirtis.
Cyperoides fylvaticum anguftifolium, fpicis parvis tenuibus fpa-
diceo-viridibus. Scheuchzer, 425. t. 10- f. 11. Fl. Suecia,
n. 847. |
Carex tomentofa, FI. Scot. p. 553.
Habitat propé Eaton, in com. Salop. Rev. E. Williams.
At the fouth end of Air Links. Dr. Hope. Junio.
Radix repens, perennis. Folia tenuiora, erecta, in apicem tenuiffi-
mum definentia, marginibus carinàque afperiufcula 1— 3 pedalia.
Culmus erectus, tenuis, triqueter, angulis acutis hifpidis, foliis fub-
equalis. Spice fepits duæ mafculæ, totidem foeminee—Mafcula
fuperior 1:—2 uncialis; inferior vix uncialis; ambz lineares; f,
filiforme’, erectz, fquamis oblongis, acutis, nigro-ferrugineis, nervo
dorfali viridi. Spice foeminez fæpiùs duz (aliquando unica tantum
fefe protrudit), ovate, erectx, breviflimè pedunculatæ diftantes.—
Ad bafin pedunculorum braétea, f. folium vaginans, vagina per-
brevi, pedunculum perbrevem omnino fere ampleéctenti— Vagina
in foliolum abit culmo pauló brevius—Squamæ ut in fpicà maf-
culà, capfulas fubzquantes. Capfula hirta, five lanato-villofa,
fub-triquetra, oblongiufcula, ore hiante furcato.—Filamenta tria.
Stylus fügmatibus tribus, villofis, craffiufculis.
Of. Spica foeminea fuperior fæpè feffilis,
Anxious to determine this fpecies, I folicited the honour of be-
ing permitted to confult Mr. Lighéfoot’s herbarium, which is now,
as
on the Britifo Species of Carex. 173
as I have before obferved, in her Majesty’s poffeffion.—I am
therefore enabled to pronounce, that this plant is Mr. Lightfoor’s
Carex tomentofa. —
It is readily diftinguifhed from all Carices in its very foliage.
Its leaves are narrow, very long, oftentimes a yard; and they end
in a long and very taper point, fomething like the American Dac-
tylis cynofuroides. In fruétification it is equally diftinct, by having
generally two male fpikes and never more, and capfules downy,
almoft woolly. This is in the Linnean herbarium with the name
filiformis infcribed by Linnæus himfelf, therefore we can have no
doubt about its identity. It is fomewhat furprifing that Linnæns
never mentioned the downinefs of the capfules— This omiffion
naturally led Mr. Lightfoot, who otherwife fufpected it to be Lin-
naus’s filiformis, to call it tomentofa.
The narrownefs of the foliage being fo remarkable, I wonder that
Linneus did not take the hint from Scheuchzer, and name it C. te-
mufola. —— i; j :
I am much indebted to the Rev. Mr. Williams of Eaton, near
Shrew/bury, for roots and fpecimens of this plant. I received roots
alfo from my friend Dr. Sibthorp of Oxford, who was likewife in-
debted to Mr. Williams for them. Cultivated in a garden, it
never, or rarely flowers.
24 CAREX FLAVA.
C. vaginis brevibus fub-æquantibus foliolo divaricato, {pica mafcula
lineari; fœmineis fubrotundis, capfulis roftrato-acuminatis.
Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 11.
Gramen cyperoides aculeatum Germanicum. Mor. Hif. Ox. III,
245. 1. 8. t. 12. f. 19.
Gramen
174 |. Dx. Goopenoven’s Olfervations
" Gramen paluftre echinatum. Ger. 17. Park, 1187. |
Fl Suecica, n. 943. Leers, t. 15. f. 6. FL Dan. 1047. Fi.
Angl. 407. Fi. Scot. 551. Withering, 1037.
Habitat in paludofis paffim. Maio, Junio.
Radix repens, perennis. Fota amoené viridia, ad margines cari-
namque afperiufcula, culmo longiora. Culmus erectus, triqueter,
angulis acutis, glabris, altitudine varius, uncialis, pedalis, & ultra,
Spice una mafcula, tres fœmineæ—Spica maícula terminalis, fubli-
nearis, ereéta, femuncialis-uncialis, fub-triquetra; fquamis ovato-
oblongis, obtufiufculis, fulvis, nervo dorfali viridi. Spice fœ-
minez modo omnes ad fummitatem culmi congeftz ; modo inferior
remota, ceteris prope mafculam congeftis, modo, quod fæpe acci-
dit, omnes a fe invicem remotz, fubrotundz, fed variant & præ-
fertim inferior, oblongz, pedunculo vagina fuà pauló longiori.
Squamz fere ut in mafcula, capfulà breviores—Ad bafin omnis pe-
dunculi bra&ea, f. folium vaginans, vagina pedunculi longitudine.
Veruntamen eft ubi pedunculus inferior, precipué cum remotus
fit, vaginam fuam fere dimidio fuperat. Vagina in foliolum abit,
culmo longius, divaricatum. Cap/ula fub-triquetra, ovata, roftrata,
roftro fæpe fub-reflexo, ore plerumque indivifo, & ad bafin fpicæ,
ex rotunditate f. contraétione receptaculi, deorfum fpeétans. Fi/a-
menta ut in ceteris. Svy/us ftigmatibus tribus.
Of. Variat fed rariüs fpicis mafculis duabus, tum culmi angulis
afperiufculis. |
The long divaricated foliaceous bractea is a very conftant difcri-
minating mark in this fpecies : this, together with its round prickly
heads, renuer the inveftigation perfectly eafy.
It -
en the Britifh Species of Carex. 175
It may however be difficult to keep it always diftinét from the
two following, which have been confidered as varieties of it. The
capfule is a good guide to diftinguifh it from C. extenfa, being in
C. fava oblong, with a long taper point, and in C. exten/a ovate
and acute. But the capfule is no guide in its feparation from
C. fulva, being apparently the fame. C. fava has always three fe-
male fpikes, and C. fu/va as conftantly two—Then C. flava has
its bracteze divaricated ; C. fulva upright, particularly the loweft,
The divifion of the apex of the capfule has always appeared to me
confiant in C. fulva, but is by no means fo in C. flava. The ha-
bit of thefe two plants feems very different. And the female {pikes
in C, fulva are always acute, and never round.
25 CAREX EXTENSA. Tas. 2r. fig 7.
E vaginis breviffimis æquantibus foliolo fub-reflexo, fpicis con-
fertis; foemincis fub-rotundis, capfulis ovatis acutis,
. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. ro.
Carex flava, Var. B. Hudf. Flora Anglica, p. 407.
Habitat in paluftribus, propè Harwich—On the marfhy part
of Braunton Burrows in Devonfhire. Junio.
Radix perennis. Folia radicalia fub-angufta, culmo bre-
J. viora (qux autem culmi bafin amplectuntur, eundem fæpe æquant,
fepe fuperant) fummitatem vertus marginibus carinaque afperiuf-
culis. Culmus erectus, pedalis & ultra, triqueter, angulis obtufiuf-
culis, glabris. Spice una (rarius dux) mafcula; duæ, fæpe tres,
foeminez. Spica mafcula linearis, femuncialis & ultra (fi duz ad-
fint altera quintuplo brevior) terminalis; fquamis fuicis, nervo
dorfali viridi, oblongis, fub-obtufis. Spice fœminez fæpiès ad
bafin
176 Dr. Goop£ENoUGH's Ob/érvations
bafin mafculæ, confertiufculæ ; aliquando autem inferior remotiuf-
cula, ovata (fuperiores fub-conicæ), acutiufcula; omnes ple-
rumque breviter pedunculate ; fquamis ovatis, fufcis, nervo dorfali
craffiufculo, qui in mucronem prominulum definit, capfula demum
duplo brevioribus. Ad bafin fpicarum feeminearum braétea foliacea,
quz vagina fuâ pedunculum totum, qui quidem omnino brevis eft,
amplectitur: inferior longiffima, & culmum longiffimé fuperat:
fuperiores breviores; interdum fuperior culmo brevior. Omnes
denique reflexz. Cap/uie glabræ, patentes, fub-trigonz, nervofz,
ovatæ, acutz, apice in denticulos duos divifo, roftro (fi roftrum
fas fit dicere) breviffimo. Filamenta tria. Stylus ftigmatibus tribus.
. This plant has always, I believe, paffed as a variety of Carex flava.
However, the fruétification proves it to be entirely diftinét.
In C. extenfa the leaves are narrower than in C. flava, and the
whole plant is flenderer and taller. The fquamz of the female
fpikes are ovate and bluntifh, with the nerve ending in a very fhort
projecting point, and are fhorter in proportion to the capfule than
in C. ffava. The capfules are rather acuminated, but by no
means roftrated or beaked, and the fummit is flightly bifid. The
braéteæ are ufually reflexed. The female fpikes have their pe-
duncles only of the length of the vagina, and not longer. The
capfules alío are patent, but very rarely divaricated. "This plant
does not owe its height to being drawn up by the furrounding
herbage, for I have always found it in open places.
I have found it in the marfhy ground near Harwich, and in the
maríhy ground on the welt fide of Braunton Burrows, in the north
of Devonfhire. It is not a common plant.
Oëf. The circumftance of the fpikes being cluftered together is
very conftant in this fpecies, but it is by no means fo in C. flava,
8
26. CAREX
on the Britifh Species of Cares. 177
20 CAREX FULYA. Tas. 20. fiz. 6.
. C. vagina infimå fubdimidiatà ; fuperioribus fubæquantibus, fpicis
fcemineis duabus oblongis acutis, capfulis roftrato-acuminatis.
um diftans. Fi Dan. t. 1049.
- Habitat propè Eaton, juxta Shrewfbury, in agro Salopienfi.
Rev. E. Williams. Junio, Julio. à
Radix repens, perennis. Folia erecta, anguíta, marginibus cari-
nâque afperis, culmo breviora. Cu/mus erectus, tenuis, fub-pedalis,
triqueter, angulis acutis, afperis. Spice, una -mafcula, duæ ple-
rumque foeminex. Spica mafeula terminalis, fub-linearis, femun-
cialis & ultra, acutiufcula ; fquamis flavefcentibus, margine albo,
oblongis, modo obtufis, modo obtufiufculis. Spice foeminex fæpius
remote, ovato-oblongæ, acutæ, inferior pedunculata, pedunculo
longiufculo, fuperior _ fubieffilis ; ; fquamis oblongis, acutis, fæpe
acutiufculis, capfulam fere. æquantibus. Ad bafin omnis fpicæ
fœmineæ bractea f. folium vaginans; inferior erecta, culmum
plerumque æquañs, vagina plufquam dimidium pedunculi am-
ple&ente; fuperior fub-divaricata, culmo plerumque brevior, pe-
dunculum, qui profe&to breviffimus eft, totum fere vagina occu-
pans—interdum totum occupat. Cap/ele fub-trigonæ, nervis ftriatæ,
oblongæ, roftrato-acuminatz, fquamas fub-æquantes, fepe exce-
dentes, apicé divifo, patentes, nec divaricatæ, aut deorfum fpec-
tantes.—Fylamenta tria—Stylus ftigmatibus tribus.
Obf. Variat, fed rarius, fpicis foemineis tribus.
‘This plant is fcarcely removed from C. fave. However, it
differs from it in having the angles of the culm fharp and rough.
‘The female fpikes are remote, oblong and acute, not round; the
lowermoft is fuppoxted by a long footítalk, half of which nearly
- Vos. II. Aa appears
178 Dr. Goon£noucx”s Ob/érvations
appears above the vagina. Befides, it has fcarcely | ever more than
two female fpikes. The lowermoft bractea is erect, and not diva-
ricated. The capfules are not divaricated, but patent, and are
flightly divided at the fummit. I regret that I have had no oppor-
tunity of cultivating it. |
I am indebted to the Reverend Mr. Williams of Eaton near Shrew/=
bury for my knowledge of this plant as a native of Britain—I have
received it from America and Newfoundland, but never underftood
till very lately that it was an inhabitant of our country.
27. CAREX DISTANS.
c. vaginà infima ferè dimidiatà ; fuperioribus fubæquantibus, fpieis
oblongis remotiffimis, capfulis acutis.
Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 29. f. 5.
Uvedale, Herb. Rayan. vol. 12. p. 66. n. 1.
Gramen cyperoides paluftre, fpicis tribus fubrotundis vix aculeatis,
fpatio diftantibus. Mor. Hif. Ox. 243. f. 8. t. 12. f. 18.
Carex {picis parvis longe diftantibus. Scheuchzer, 431. Wuthering,
1049:..F/. Angl. 412. Fl. Scot. 561. Fl. Dan. 1948
Carex panicea, FJ. Sutcica, Var. a? >
Habitat in paluftribus, przcipué maritimis. Junio.
Radix fbrofa, perennis. Folia: pallidè virefcentia, marginibus
carinaque afperiufculis, culmum floriferum fub-æquantia.. Culmus
- erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis, glabris, pedalis, bipedalis. Spice,
“una eu rarius dug; tres fæmineæ. Be maltais termina-
«& ultra 5 mex fub-flavefcentibus, : nervo dorfali viridi, margini-
bus albis, obtufis: Spice foeminez oblonga, -unciales’ & ultra,
« P: M < Es erecta,
MÀ em
"en the Britifh Species of Carex. 179
recte, pedunculatæ, valdé remote ; fquamis acutiufculis, capfula
"brevioribus. | Ad bafin omnis pedunculi bractea f. folium vaginans.
"Vagina inferior. non pedunculi longitudine, tamen plufquam di.
midium occupat; fuperiores pedunculos fuos æquant. Vaginæ in
foliola abeunt fpicis fuis multoties longiora, at culmo breviorà—-
Capfule fub-triquetræ, ovate, acuminate, ore fub-divifo. Filantenta
ut in cæteris—Sfylus ftigmatibus tribus.
The remarkable diftance at which the female fpikes ate placed
from each other, is a diftinétion too obvious to admit of any doubt.
C. birta has them fituated in the fame manner ; but the leaves are
hairy, and the. capfules villous, in that {pecies—in C. difans they
are both perfectly fmooth. |
It ufually flowers in May: and nae
pe 28. CAREX PANICEA. "
C. vaginà Mid: fabdimidistà: fuperioribus fub-æquantibus ; fpicis
ere&tis remotis, capfulis inflatis obtufiufculis fub-diftantibus.
Uvedale, Herb. Rayan. vol. 12. p. 62. n. I.
Cyperoides folis caryophylleis (caule rotundo-triquetro), fpicis e
- rarioribus & tumidioribus veficis compofitis. Mich. Gen. t. 32.
£ rt |
FJ. Suecicay ae Var. f.
Les t. 15 £. 5. FL Dan. at mala, Fl. Scot. (558. ern,
1044
Habitat in pratis & pafcuis RE Mio, Junio.
: Radix repens, perennis. Folia glauca, marginibus carinâque af-
periufculis, culmo breviora. Culmus ereétus; triqueter, angulis acu-
-— glabris, fub-pedalis. Spice, una (rarius dux) mafcula,
Aa2 circiter
180 |. Dr. Goopenoven’s Obfervarions
circiter tres fœmineæ. Spica mafcula terminalis, oblonga; uncialis;
Íquamis fulvis, oblongo-ovatis, acutiufculis. Spice foeminez om-
nes a fe invicem remote, ovate, erectz, pedunculatze, floribus laxé
imbricatis, fquamis oblongo-ovatis acutis, capfulà brevioribus, nervo
dorfali viridi. —Ad bafin finguli pedunculi braétea f. folium vagi-
` mans, vagina inferiori circiter dimidium, aut paulo plus, pedunculi
amplectente ; cxteris pedunculos fuos fere æquantibus. Hz brac-
tez in foliola definunt culmo breviora, fpicis fuis longiora. Cap-
fula pallida, fubovata, bafi compreffiufcula, fuperné inflata, obtufi-
ufcula, ore claufo, indivifo. Filamenta ut in ceteris.—Stylus ftigma-
tibus tribus.
C. panicea, in its younger ftate, is very like the young fpecimens
. ef C. recurva; but it is at once diftinguifhed by the vagina.—
In panicea the lowermoft vagina is full half the length of the
footftalk, in recurva about one quarter only. It is diftinguifhable
alfo by its alternate diftant capfules; in recurva they are crowded
jn a thicker fpike.
29. CAREX CAPILLARIS.
C, vaginis dimidiatis, fpicis foemineis oblongis laxis: fruétiferis-
pendulis, pedunculis capillaribus, capfulis acuminatis,
Fi. Scot. p. 557. Fl, Dan. t. 168. Scop. Fl. Carniol. 1152.
t. 59.
Habitat in montofis Scoticis,
Radix fibrofa, perennis— Filia tenuiffima, culmo fore triplo bre-
viora, Culmus ere&tus, triqueter, angulis obtufiufculis, glabris,
2—5 uncialis. S ice, una mafcula, dua foeminez, omnes ad fummi-
tatem
Tnm
on 18e Briti Species of Carem —
tatem culmi. Mafcula erecta, oblonga, f. fub-linearis, flavefcenss
Íquamz oblongæ, acutiufcule. Fœmineæ ambæ ex codem nodo
prodeunt, pedunculatz, mox pendulz, oblongz, pauciflore—Brac- -
tea f. folium vaginans dimidium pedunculorum, qui capillares funt,
Occupat. Vagina in foliolum exit culmo paulum longius. Squamæ
deciduæ, ovate, obtufæ, fub-fulvæ, capfulà breviores Capfula-
ovata, roftrato-acuminata, ore indivifo. S#gmata tria.
Of. Spica maícula admodum pauciflora.
The diminutive ftature of this plant, its capillary peduncles, its-
‘female fpikes pendulous, lax, with few flowers, from four to eight.
and the fquamz of the fame being deciduous, place it in too con/pi=
cuous a light to be miftaken..
I never have had the good fortune to: fee this plant growing 3;
I have taote iore SEA Mai ws to take my mone ane from dried.
Ípecimens. —
30. CAREX DEPAUPERAT A.
€. vaginis plufquam dimidiatis, fpicis foemineis remotis paucifloriss.
capfulis ovatis inflatis roftrato-acuminatis.
Cyperoides fylvarum anguítifolium caule trilatero, fpicis parvis, .
capfulis rarius difpofitis, obefis, &c.. Mich. Gen. p. $6. t. 32.-
f. 5. Withering, p. 1049.
= Carex ventricofa. Fl. Londin, bona,
Habitat in fylvà Chariton dictà—In fylvis prope Gedalmim in agro -
Surreiano. Maio, Junio.
‘Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia pallidé virefcentia, marginibus .
carinâque afperis; radicalia ad bafin rufa, culmo breviora. Cu/mus.
- erectus, pedalis, bipedalis, triqueter, angulis obtufiufculis, glabris.
Spice, -
EG Da. .GoopzNoUcE'r Offéruations
- o»
‘Spice, una. maícula, ; terminalis, linearis,, fquamis, flavefcentibus,
nervo dorfali viridi ovato-oblongis, acutiufculis. Spice, foeminex
remote, longè pedunculatz, erecte, pauciflore—quaque {cilicet
fpica circiter 3—6 flores gerit. Flores laxe. difpofiti. Squamæ
flavefcentes, nervo dorfali viridi (qui nervus in mucronem definit),
oblongo-ovatz, acute, capiula fere dimidio breviores. Ad bafin
„omnis pedunculi braétea f. folium vaginans, quod circiter tertiam
partem pedunculi, nec “dimidium, amplectitur. Vagina in folio-
lum abit fzpiffim culmo longius. Capfula oblongo-ovata, inflata,
fub-triquetra, erecta, roftrata, ore indivifo. Filamenta tria, antheris
Tinearibus flavis. Szy/us ftigmatibus tribus. des
Obf. Capfule fæpius bifariàm imbricata.
bis do not hefitate to adduce the fynonym and gue of Michelias:
It cer tainly belongs to this plant, as any one may fatisfy himfelf
who will take the trouble to obferve how accurately the vaginz
are reprefented. In the vefcariz, to which it has been applied, there
are no vagine—In this they embrace almoft half of the peduncle
er footftak. Micheliui’s figure plainly conveys this idea.
Its diftant long-pedunculated fpikes, and few capfules, readily
diftinguifh this fpecies from all others. This laft circumftance
induced the late Dr. So/ander to name it in his MSS. C, depaupes
rata, whom Dr. Withering firft followed.
. Mr. Curtis has given us an excellent figure of it under the name
of Carex ventricofa.
I had the good fortune to find this fpecies in Charlton wood—
Mr. Dickfon has told me that it is not unfrequent in dry Woods
near Godalmin in Surrey. I apprehend, from the form of the Cap».
fule, that it has been taken for a . ftarved variety. of C. Tficaria ; as.
LEE I cannot
en the Britifh Species of Carex. 18%
Feannot think it poffible that a plant of this fize, in the neigh
bourhood of London, could have efcaped fo long unnoticed. Pro
bably the vagina was never attended to;
31. CAREX SYLVATICA.
C. vaginis abbreviatis, fpicis filiformibus laxis pendulis, capfulis:
ovatis ariftato-roftratis.
Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 29. n. 4.
Uvedgle, Herb. Rayan, vol..12. p. 67. n. T:
: p. 69. n. I.
D« 735 De Tos
Gramen cyperoides fylvarum tenuius fpicatum.
—. Morif, Hift. Oxon. MI. 243. f. 8. t. 12. f. Qr-
. Park, 1172. . Scheuchzer, 4986. ^ | s
Leers, 15. 2. » Withering, 1047. Fl. Dan. 404, FL bal gir-
FI. Scot. 562.
Carex patula. Pollich. n. 896.
~
Habitat in fylvis paffim: Maio,- Junio.
` Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia pallidè virefcentia, ad margines -
carinamque fuperné hifpida, culmo breviora. Cw/mus bipedalis
& ultra, erectus, triqueter, angulis fupernè obtufiufculis, glabris:
Spice, una (rarius duæ) mafcula, circiter fex foeminez, omnes a fe -
invicem remotz. Spica maícula terminalis, erecta, linearis, trique-
tra, uncialis, biuncialis, atque etiam ultra. Squamz flavefcentes,
bafi. albà, nervo. dorfali viridi, oblonge, acute. Spice fœmineæ
longius pedunculatz, citò pendulæ, filiformes, floribus laxé imbri-
catis. Squamz. flavefcentes, nervo dorfali viridi, ovate, acuminate,
capi. breviores. . Ad.bafin omnis pedunculi braétea f. folium:
vaginanss ,
£3:
+
184 Dr: GoopzNovón's Odjervations
“vaginans, cujus vagina circiter quartam partem pedunculi amplec-
titur. Vagina in folium abit fuà fpicà pauló longius. Caf/u/a
ovata, acuminata, roftrata, roftro tenul, ore indivilo. Filamenia
ut in cæteris.—Sfylus ftiematibus tribus.
None of the figures of this plant, except that of Leers, give its
due character. The figures of Mori/on, Parkinfon, and F7. Danica,
reprefent it in its firft (tage of flowering when the fpikes are ercét..
It does not long continue in this attitude; for the fpikes, by rea-
fon of their thin and long footítalks, as foon as the impregna-
tion of their flowers has taken place, are too heavy for their weak
fupporters. It ufually produces five or fix female fpikes, and
one male, very rarely two.
Every one muft be furprifed at L/gzeuss joining this as a va-
Flety to veficaria and ampullacea.
43. CAREX RECURV A.
C. vaginis abbreviatis, {picis foemineis fub-cylindricis pendulis, cap-
fulis rotundato-ovatis, radice repente.
Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 3. 4. *
."Gramen nemorofum {pica fubnigrà recurvà. Mori jf Hif. Ox. 1. 8.
tor. f 14
Cares limofa; Leers, Var. g. t.a 5. REM F1. Angl, p. At 3. Withers
ing, 1050. Fl. Dan. 1051. LINT
| Habitat in pratis, p nemoribus & ericetis. Maio, Junio.
- Rai: repens, perennis. Folia glauca, pro magnitudine plantæ
latiofcula, nareinibus carinâque afperrima. Cw/mus erectus, tri-
queter, angulis acutiufculis, glabriufculis, foliis radicalibus longior,
pan, Spice, una (fæpè dua, rard tres) mafcula, tres feeminez.
I Spica
on the Britifb Species of Carex. 185
Spica mafcula terminalis, oblonga, fub-cylindrica, plus minufve
uncialis, fquamis nigro-ferrugineis, oblongis, obtufis, nervo dorfali
viridi, margine membranaceo albo. Spice fœmineæ fub-cylin-
dricæ, unciales, fefcunciales, longius pedunculatz, primüm erecta,
mox maturiores pendulæ, remotæ Ad bafin pedunculorum
. braétea, vagina abbreviata, f. vix quartam partem pedunculi am-
pleétente, utrinque bafi auriculata, auriculà fub-rotundà. Vagina ~
in folium definit culmo fepé longius. Squamz oblongæ, acute,
capfulà paulo breviores. Cap/ula ovata, fub-triquetra, obtufiufcula,
ore claufo, primum viridis, inde gradatim flaveícens, ferruginea,
nigra, fub lente fab-tomentofa. Filamenta tria. Stylus ftigmatibus
tribus, crafliuículis, villofis.
Although no Carex can be faid to vary more in fize and habit
than this, yet to an attentive operum there will be no difficulty
og it. Its cylindrical pendulous black fpikes, its glau-
cous Ses, (hort vaginz; UR capfules, fmooth culm, and
creeping root, are obvious diftinctions.
~ It feems ftrange that fo common a Carex as this is fhould have
been fo little noticed by the old authors. I recolle& no old figure
of it befide Morifons—that indeed charaéterifes it fufficiently.
Leers’s figure is tolerable; he feems to have joined C. Zimofa his
Var. a, and recurva his Var. @. in one—which is a confufion very
unufual to his general confummate accuracy.
I fhould almoft have apprehended that Mr. Lightfoot had intend-
ed this plant by his C. cz/piio/a, Var. a. had he not exprefsly men-
tioned that it had only two itigmata—whereas this invariably has
' three, and protrudes them in a manner not eafy to be miftaken,
being thicker, longer, and more villous than | in the generality of
this family.
Vor. II. Bb 33. CAREX
186 . Dr. GooDENOUGH’s Olfervations
33. CAREX PALLESCENS
C. vaginis abbreviatiffimis, fpicis foemineis fub-cylindricis : fructiferis
pendulis, capfulis oblongis obtufis. -
Buddie, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 5.
Gramen cyperoides polyftachion flavicans, fpicis brevibus propè
fummitatem caulis. Mich. Gen. O1. t. 32. f. 13. Pluk. t. 34.
£o. 3
Sp. PI. 1386. Fi. Sec n. S525: Lers t. 16, fA BR
Angl. 410. Withering, p. 1043. Pollich. n. 889. Fl. Scot. 558.
Fl. Dan. 1050.
Habitat in fylvis, pratis, & pafcuis humidis. Maio, Junio.
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia angufta, pallida, ad margines
carinafque fcabriufcula, culmo dimidio breviora, pilofa. Cul/mus
erectus, pedalis, fefquipedalis, triqueter, angulis fuperné acutiffi-
mis, infernè obtufiufculis, afperis. Spice, una mafcula, tres foemi-
nex, omnes ad fummitatem culmi approximate. Spica mafcula
terminalis, oblonga, triquetra, femuncialis; fquamis flavefcentibus,
nervo dorfali viridi, acutiufculis. Spice foeminez fub-cylindrice,
obtufe, pedunculatz, mox pendulæ; fquamis ovatis, acutis, cap-
fulà paulo brevioribus. Ad bafin pedunculorum bractea, quz
culmum longè fuperat, vagina breviffimà, ne quidem octavam pe-
dunculi partem ampleétenti. Flores densé imbricati. Cap/ula pal-
lida, viridis, oblonga, obtufa, ore integro,—Filamenta & anthera ut
in cæteris.— Stylus ftigmatibus tribus.
None of the figures give a good reprefentation of the female .
{pikes in their mature ftate—at that time they are nearly cylin-
drical, whereas in the figures here quoted we have only the ovate -
form, in which they appear when firft in flower.
34 CARE X
on the Britifh Species of Carex, 187
34 CAREX LIMOSA.
C. vaginis abbreviatiffimis fub-nullis, fpicis foemineis ovatis pendulis,
capfulis ovatis compreffis, radice repenti. .
Cyperoides fpicà pendulà breviore, fquamis e fpadiceo vel fufco
rutilante viridibus. Scheuchzer, 443. t. 10. f. 13.
Flor. Suecic. n. 850. FI. Angl. 409. Withering, 1041. Pollich.
n. 888. F/ Dan. 646.
Habitat in paludibus turfofis, in comitatibus Eboracenfi, Lancaf-
trienfi, Weftmorelandico, &c. paffim. Junio.
Radix repens, perennis. Fola glauca, erecta, tenuia, marginibus
carinâque afpera. Culmus erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis, afpe-
riufculis. Spice, una mafcula, duæ foeminez. Spica mafcula ter-
minalis, oblonga, fub-linearis;: fquamis flavefcentibus f. fubferru-
gincis, oblongis, acutis. Spice fœmineæ longiüs pedunculatz, mox
pendulæ, ovate, acutrufculæ; fquamis ovatis, acutis, fæpe mucrona-
tis, fufcis, nervo dorfali viridi, capfulà paulo longioribus. Ad bafin
pedunculorum braétea culmo longior, que vix ac ne vix quidem
ullam partem pedunculi complectitur. Cap/xla fub-compreffa,
nervofa, ovata, mucronata, ore integro. Fi/amenta ut in ceteris.
Stylus ftigmatibus tribus.
This plant has been confounded with recurva, from which it ss
readily diftinguifhable by its very fhort vaginæ, by its ovate fpikes,
and by the fhape and colour of its capfules, which are compreffed ;
of a cæfous green colour when young, and brown when npe
not round, ovate, and black as in recurva.
Upon cultivating it, I obierved, that it frequently threw vp bar-
ren leafy ftalks; upon cutting thefe off, and planting them in
Bb 2 pots
~
; *
188 Dr. Goor£Noven's Obfervations
pots plunged in water, they readily tock root, and formed luxuriant
plants. The name /r/onifera would have been peculiarly proper
for it.
This fpecies, when cultivated in a garden, rarely flowers. In
a wild ftate I have never feen it with more than zwo female fpikes, |
ufually with oze-only.
35 CAREX PSEUDO-CYPERUS.
.. C. vaginis fub-nullis, fpicis foemineis cylindricis pedunculatis pen-
dulis, capfulis ariftato-roftratis fub-divaricatis,
Uvedale, Herb. Rayan, vol. 12. p. 65. C.
Píeudo-cyperus; Ger. em. 29. Park. 1266.
Gramen cyperoides {pica Rendula hseyiori, Mor. Hif. Ox. IL,
242, 1. 8. t. 132. f 5.
Fl. Suecia. 854 Fl. Angl. 410.
Fl. Scot. 550. Pollich. n. 891. Withering, 1045.
-
Habitat in nemorofis humidis, & ad ripas foffarum, Junio.
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia pallidà viridia, lata, canaliculata,
marginibus carinàque afperis, culmo feré duplo longiora, omnia
longitudine ferè zqualia. Culmus pedalis & ultra, ad fummum ferè
foliofus, erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis, afperis. Spice, una maf-
cula, quatuor fœmineæ ; omnes lineares, tenues, pallida. Spica
mafcula terminalis, fub-triquetra, bracteata, bracteà fetaceà, fpicà
dimidio breviori; fquamis fub-fetaceis, pallidis, nervo dorfali viridi,
ad apicem marginibué carinâque hifpidis. Spice foeminez pedun-
culatz, pedunculo fpicà fuà longiori, teretes, fruétiferæ pendulz ;
intermediæ geminata, cæteræ folitarie ; fquamæ ut in {pica maf-
cula, capfulas fub-æquantes. Ad omnem fpicam foemineam brac-
P 5
tea
at
en the Britifh Species of Carex. 189
tea foliacea, inferior culmum longè fuperans, cæteræ etiam culmum
fuperantes; omnes fubfeffiles, aut bafin pedunculi, breviffimé qui-
‘dem, amplectentes. Cap/ulæ oblongæ, ftriatæ, medio fub-ventri-
cofæ, roftratæ, roftro longo, tenui, apice divifo, f. fub-furcato, fub-
divaricatæ.— Flament tria.—Sty/us ftigmatibus tribus, albis.
Linnæus took his character of this plant from its having two
peduncles rifing from each joint of the cu/m. However, that is fo
very uncertain a mark, that it is not poflible to place any depend-
ance upon it. The circumftance of its having no vaginæ, or at
beft very minute ones, and caf/u/es nearly divaricated, and ending
in a long point, reprefents it in a fufficiently-diftinguifhable light.
The intermediate peduncles are not unfrequently found doubled.
36. CAREX ATRAT A.
C. vaginis serol forcis ómnibus androgynis T pe-
dunculatis: fruétiferis pendulis, capfulis ovatis acutiufculis.
Cyperoides Alpinum pulchrum foliis caryophylleis, fpicis atris &
tumentibus.
Scheuchzer, p. 481. t. 11. f. x. 2.
Fl. Suecica, 849. Fl. Anglica, 409. Fl. Dan. 158.
Fl. Scot. 555. Withering, 1040.
Habitat in montibus Cambro-Britannicis & Scoticis. PT Junio,
Julio.
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia lata, culmo breviora, carinata,
marginibus carinaque afperis. Cu/mus erectus, triqueter, angulis
acutis afperiufculis, pedalis; Spice non fexu diftinétæ, quippe
fumma non mafcula, at plerumque foeminea, & ad bafii flores
mafculos gerit, nec non quofdam hermaphroditicos fparfos, quod
etiam
I90 —— Dr. GoopeNnoven’s Ob/ervations
etiam in ceteris quandoque accidit. Spicæ omnes oblong, acuta, fe-
munciales, pedunculatæ, pedunculo longo, demüm pendulæ, appro-
ximatæ. Squamæ ovatæ, acutæ, nigræ, nervo tenuiori dorfali, viridi,
capfulà pauló longiores. Ad omnem pedunculum braétea foliacea;
infima culmo plerumque longior, fed variat brevior, fubfeffilis: eft
ubi inferior bafin pedunculi, at breviflimé, amplectitur. Cap/ule
viridis, ovata, fæpe acuta, comprefla, apice breviter divifo. Filamenta
duo, antheris linearibus flavis. Stylus. ftigmatibus tribus, villofis.
| This fpecies with us has all its fpikes androgynous; in ftri&
juftice, therefore, it fhould be arranged under the order Spicis.andro-
gynis. But there is fomething in its habit fo perfectly conform-
able to thofe ftyled Spicis fexu diftinélis, that rigid rule muft give
way :—the fingularity in this fpecies is, that it has for the moft part
only two ftamina, and a few hermaphrodite flowers.
Its having no vaginz, or at leaft very minute oncs, and black.
ovate fpikes, are marks fufficient to diftinguifh it readily from all
others with which it can come in any competition.
The fpecimen in the Linnean herbarium feems to be the fame as
our Englifh plant; but that has its terminal {pike evidently
male.
Scheuchzer’s figure gives no bad reprefentation of the herma-
phrodite flower.
3- CAREX PILULIFER A.
C. vaginis nullis, fpicá mafculà fub-lineari, foemineis fubrotundis
feffilibus confertis, culmo debili.
Buddle Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 9.
Gramen cyperoides tenuifolium, fpicis ad fammum Salen feffili-
bus globulorum zmulis. Puk. pb. t. gt. f. 8.
Mor. Hifl. Ox. UL, 243. f. 8. t. 12. f. 16.
| : C. mon-
*
coo à 35 9 SLT
on the Britifb Species of Carex. Ig!
C. montana. FY. Suecica, n. 845. Leers; t. 16. f. 6.
C. pilulifera. Sp. PL 1385. FL. Angl. 408. Fi. Scot. 554.
Withering, 1039. Fi. Dan. 1048.
Habitat in pafcuis & ericetis humidis paffim. Aprili, Maio.
Radix fibrofa, perennis. Fola ex flavefcenti amcené viridia, tc-
nuia, culmo breviora, marginibus carináque „apicem verfus hifpida.
Culmus debilis, incurvus, fæpiès recumbens, triqueter, angulis acutis
fub-levibus, 3—6 uncialis, & ultra. Sica, una mafcula, & circiter
tres fœmineæ, Spica mafcula terminalis, linearis, aliquando oblon-
giufcula, tenuis; {quamis oblongo-ovatis, acutis, fufcis, nervo dorfali
viridi, margine tenero albido. Foeminez tres, ad bafin mafculæ,
approximate, oblongæ, acute, maturiores fubrotunde; duæ
inferiores braéteà brevi, foliaceà, feflili, fubtenduntur; fuperior
braéteà membranaceá, ovata, carinatá, quæ denuó in mucronem
foliaceum definit; fquamz fere ut in mafculà fed pallidiores, cap-
fulam maturam fubæquantes. Cap/ula mox nigricans, fubrotunda,
fub-tomentofa, mucronata, mucrone brevi obtufiufculo, apice in-
divifo. Filamenta ut in ceteris. Stylus ftigmatibus tribus.
Off. In fpicis foemineis, flores terminales plerumque mafculi.
Poft breve tempus hi decidui funt, unde {pice fzpiüs rotundæ
evadunt. Spica inferior variat, fed rarius, breviter peduncu-
lata. ;
I own that I ftill hefitate what name I ought to add to this
fpecies. Dr. Smith tells me, it certainly is the C. montana of the
Linnean herbarium; and that, from the quotation of Plukeners |
figure, we may be equally certain Linneus defcribed it from thence
as his original C. pilulifera, without having a fpecimen in his col-
le&tion,
~
192 Dr. Goopenoucx’s Obfervaiions
le&ion. It muft be confefled, that the plant in the Linnean her-
“barium, afterwards gathered by Dr. So/ander in Lapland, and
named pilulifera, is very different from this I am now treating of.
It is very robuft and erect, the fpikes alfo are larger and more
' crowded, neither is there any male {pike to be feen. Probably it
is the Carex alpina of the F7. Danica 403. It muft therefore be
concluded that that was not the plant which Linnæus originally
intended. I have no-doubt but he fpoke of one and the fame |
plant under two names. I fhould think that in its more fruit-
ful ftate, with three female fpikes, he called it pz/ulifera : in its more
ftarved appearance, when produced on elevated and dry plains,
where it has only two, and not unfrequently only one female fpike,
he called it montana.
- The figures in Plukenet and Morifon are very Bree: but are
too erect. The roundnefs of the female fpikes happens from the
terminal flowers being ufually male and deciduous: as thefe wi-
ther away, the fpikes affume their round form, otherwife they are
in general oblong. The capfules are fomewhat downy, as in C.
precox, but the linear male fpike, the female ones fefüle, and
. the reclining culm, mark its diftinétion in all ftages of its
growth.
. Mr. Hudfon having adopted the name pilulifera, and in NS
quence that name having univerfally obtained with us, not to
mention that it is more expreffive than montana, I thought it beft,
upon mature deliberation, to continue it,
48. CAREX
- en the Britifb Species of Carex. 193
28. -C A RE X RIGIDA; Tas. 22. fig. Io.
C. digyna, vaginis kulis, fpicis oblongis fub-feffilibus, foliis fub-
recurvis rigidis.
‘Cyperoides germanicum, foliis brevibus rigidis acutis, &c. Mich.
Nov. Gen. p. 61: t. 32. f. 4. :
t ow faxatilis. FY. Angh 408.
se Habitat in fummo vertice montis Snowdon, Mr. Hudjin.
T In alpibus Scoticis. Mr. Dick/on.
Aprili, Maio.
44g 21145
Radix craffa, valde repens, perennis. Folia rigida, nigro-viridia,
c farta ia one, Den, fins pee) rọ-
fuze altitudinis craffus, rigidus. Spice, unica mafcula (rariüs
dux), duæ, tres foeminez, ad fummum culmi approximate—Spica
maícula terminalis, oblonga, acutiufcula, citciter 3 unc. longa; fqua-
mis nigris, ovatis, obtufiffimis, margine membranaceo, nervo*abbre-
viato dorfali viridi — Spice fœmineæ mari approximate, inferior
remotiufcula, oblongæ, acutiufculz, feffiles (inferior fæpè peduncu-
Jata), longitudine maris, floribus denfé imbricatis, flore uno aut altero
terminali, precipué in fpicis fuperioribus, mafculo; fquamæ nigræ,
ovate, obtufiffimz, &c. ut in mafculà, demum capfula dimidio.bre-
viores. Ad fpicas foemineas braétea foliacea feffilis, bafi utrinque
auriculatà—quz ad fpicam inferiorem fita eft, fpicà, {ua longior
eft, & recurva—quz ad fuperiores, erecta, & fpicis fuis breviores,
Vor. II. C c bafi
194 Dr. GoopENovcn's Obfervations
bafi pariter auriculatæ. Cap/ula ovata, hinc planiufcula, glabra,
obtufiufcula; variat autem producta, acutiufcula, fub-recurva.—
Filamenta ut in cxteris. Stylus ftigmatibus duobus, crafliufculis,
albis, pilofis.
Oëf. Flores inferiores fæpè remotiufculi. Cap/ule ore indivifo.
Braétearum auriculæ fatis magnæ, fub-rotundæ.
This plant has often been confounded with the /zxariis of Lin-
næus, and the montana of Mr. Hudfon. It differs from the montana,
by its having no vaginz, two ftigmata, and fmooth capfules; from
the /axatilis, by its being a thicker and much fmaller plant; and
from both, by the great rigidity of its leaves and incurved ftalk.
In Sir Fofeph Banks’s herbarium is a fine fpecimen collected by Mr.
Hudfon, the culms of which are much incurved. I have culti-
vated this plant, and find that the culm keeps the tendency to in-
curvation. I fhould apprehend that the bleak expofure on the
tops of mountains contributes to the incurvation obfervable in its
wild ftate.
The rigidity of its leaves, and their being fpread abroad, or, as it
oftener happens, bent back, diftinguifh it from ce/pitofa, whofe
leaves are upright and foft. : By the fame marks it may always be
kept feparate from C. fra, which alfo is altogether upright. But
the fructification of thefe three fpecies, efpecially in the number of
ftyles, is very fimilar,
It is poffible that the root leaves of this plant, arched back,
and of a firm nature, may afford protection to many of the winged
inhabitants of the windy tops of alpine fituations.
Confidering the cold fituation of the natal foil of this plant, it
2 > feems
on tbe Britifu Species of Carex. 195
feems fomewhat furprifing that, when planted in a garden, its
leaves fhould wither at the firft approach of winter; but even in
that ftate they retain much of their rigidity.
I am indebted to that acute obferver, Mr. Dick/on, for plants of
this fpecies brought by him from Scotland, where it is s frequent
Spon the tops of high hills.
39 CAREX CZESPITOSA. Tas, 21. fig. 8.
C. digyna, vaginis nullis, fpicis fub-feffilibus fub-cylindricis obtufi iy
. foliis erectis molliufculis.
Buddle Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 2.
Fl. Suecica, n. 855.
_ Habitat in paluftribus, in nemorofis humidis, Maio.
- Radix valdé repens, perennis. Folia molliufcula, amené viridia,
fub-glauca, erecta, culmum zquantia, marginibus carinâque apicem
verfus afperiufcula. Culmus erectus 4-12 uncialis & ultra, fub-
debilis, triqueter, angulis acutis, afperiufculis. Spice, una mafcula
(rarids duæ), tres foeminez. Spica mafcula erecta, terminalis, ob-
longa, triquetra, 1-1 unciam longa; fquamis ovatis, obtufis—Spicæ
fœmineæ duz aut tres, fub-cylindricæ, obtufæ, fub-feffiles—{ci-
licet inferior breviter pedunculata, fuperiores feffiles... Flores ple-
rumque fexfariam, rard o&ofariàm, denfè imbricati —Squamz ovate,
. acutiufcule (fed variant nec infrequenter obtufæ), capfulà matura
breviores, nigrz, nervo dorfali viridi Ad fpicas faemineas bractea
Icon erecta, feffilis, i. e. culmum ne minimé quidem amplectens,
"Ceca bafi
196 Dr. GoopeNouGi’s Olferuations
bafi utrinque-auficulata; auriculd nigrà rotunda perfiftenti, culmums
modo æquans, plerumque fuperans, interdum brevior. Capjula
ovata, obtufiufcula, fub-compréfla, glabra, apice indivifo. Fila-
menta ut in ceteris. Stylus fügmatibus duobus.
Oëf. Capfülz perfiftentes, nec deciduæ,
Having fpoken very fully of this plant in my remarks upom
C. firiéta,1 have only in this place to fay, that this plant has been:
generally miftaken in confequence of the various aflertions of au-
thors who have written upon it. It was not til after repeated
„and careful examinations of the Linnean herbarium, that f could
. determine it; for the fpecimens there preferved feem chofen ones,
and of courfe do not appear at firft fight to bear that exact re-
femblance to the general habit which is obfervable with us. I
was relieved from all doubt by Mr. Afzelius, who, from hjs inti-
mate and accurate knowledge of the Swedifh plants, and not lefs.
perhaps of thofe of our country, traced out to me certain marks of:
fimilarity.
- Obf. The capfules ufually adhere to the rachis of the {pike,,
even in decay. In C. friéia, they are deciduous as foon almoft as `
. they come to maturity—C. cz/Pitofa comes into flower a very cone.
fiderable time after C. on néarly or quite a month.
40. C AREA STRICT A. Taz, ar. fg: 9.
C, digyna, vaginis nullis, fpicis fub-feffilibus cylindricis acutis; maf-
culis fub-duabus, foliis erectis ee |
EMO
Gramer
on the Britifh Species of Carex, Mee
Gramen cyperoides paluftre fpicà pendula.
Loef. Pruff. p. 116. t. 30.
C. Eu Fl, Angl. 412. Fl. Scot. p. 560. var. B.
Habitat i in palu ftribus. Propé Norwich. D. Pitchford.
E | Aprili.
Radix valdé repens, perennis. Folia glaucefcentia, erecta, reétif-
fima, culmo breviora, marginibus carinâque afperis.. Cuémus peda-
lis, bipedalis & ultra, erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis afperis.
Spice mafcule plerumque duz, foeminez tres, omnes ereétæ, fub-
cylindricæ, acute. Spice mafculz triquetrz 1—2 unciales, fqua-
mis oblongis, acutiufculis, nigris, nervo dorfali viridi. Spice foemi-
nee 1—2 unciales, infima breviter pedunculata, cæteræ feffiles,
floribus mafculis terminate, & inde acute ; fquamæ oblong acute,
| 1 » paulo breviores. Ad fpicas foemi-
neas is, erecta, inferior. culmo. plerumque
saul b cur (fed variat culmo longior, nécnon longé brevior),
junior fæpiüs auriculata, auriculà oblongiufcula, citò elongata,
mox evanidà=—fuperiores breviores, pariter auriculatæ, Cap/ula
compreífa, ovata, acuta, glabra, apice indivifo. Filamenta ut in
cæteris. _ Siy/us fügmatibus duobus, albis, crafliufculis, villofis.
OX: Folia radicalia, que bafin culmi- amplectuntur, vaginam
hinc membranaceam habent: membrana autem culmo luxurianti,
miré difrumpitur, & quafi in filamenta. reticulato-connexa laceratur..
Capfula citiùs decidua.. io Blisherce.
=
This Carex has many particulars in common with. the ca/pitofa;.
its upright culm and leaves, no vagina, feflile fpikes, and to appear-
ance digynous flowers: hence many have thought them the.
fame:
198 Da. GoopEnouGnh’s Obfervations
fame fpecies. I am quite of a different opinion.—In the firft place,
C. firita has the root-leaves which embrace the bafe of the culm,
with the membranous part of the vagina, fplit into threads after
the manner of open net-work: then the root-leaves and the brac-
teæ are fhorter than the culm at the time of flowering. Add to
this, the braéteæ, particularly the lowermoft, have either no
auricles, or oblong ones, which are prefently fo elongated as
to difappear, i. e. to lofe all form of auricles, The female {pikes
are acute, owing to their having male flowers at the fummit.
The fcales are all acute—their capfules are fet in eight rows, and
two male fpikes for the moft part terminate the culm.
On the contrary, C. c@/pitefa has the root-leaves, which em-
brace the bafe of the culm, with the membranous part always en-
tire.—The root-leaves equal the culm in point of length at the time
of flowering, the bra&ez are longer—The braétex always have
little round auricles on each fide of the bafe, which do not change
their fhape: the female {pikes are obtufe, and have no male flowers
at their fummit. The fcales (though fometimes they may be fome-
what acute) are in general bluntifh, not unfrequently very much
fo—The capfules are generally fet in fix, very rarely in eight rows,
and it is feldom found with more than one male fpike; befides, it
is every way a much {maller, weaker, and fofter plant. I fpeak here
of the general appearance of thefe two fpecies.
I have little doubt but Log// meant this plant, though he {peaks
of it /picá pendulá ; I fuppofe he means with an inclining ftalk. He
does not fay, fpicis pendulis—that would have been decifive againft
me; but fpicé pendulé, i. e. as I interpret him, with that part of
the culm which bears the fpikes, inclining: not that I ever
fcarcely obferved it even fo, for it is in general remarkably upright
in its ftature. Met pupebir Loefel drew his figure from a dried
fpecimen.
on the Britifb Species of Carex. ~ 199
fpecimen. However, the habit of the plant which he has figured,
the fhortnefs of the leaves, and the apparent ftriétnefs of the culm,
make me look upon it to be C. /riééa, Had it been drawn up-
right, there would have been little or no doubt.
I fhould fuppofe that Dr. Withering meant this plant for his «cf:
pitoja: but in fome particulars the defcriptions do not accord; per-
haps they are taken from cæ/pitofa and /fricíia promifcuoufly, on a
fuppofition that they are the fame.
The younger Linnæus once told me, that this was his father’s
C. acuta, var. rufa. i. e. the var. à of the Flora Suecica, to which is.
quoted Micbe//us's figure t. 32. f. 12. which is there faid to be exact.
(We were examining a living plant in Kew-garden when this con-
verfation paffed). Now that figure has the female fpikes with
longifh peduncles, which I never have obferved the //riéfa to have.
Had the {pikes been feflile, it would have been a very decent re-
prefentation of it. It could not be the acuta var. & of Flora Suecica,
for that is, as appears evidently in the Linnean herbarium, the C.
gracilis of Mr. Curtis. Certainly the growth of this plant anfwers
to the name of acuta better than any other, having all its parts
erect and fharp pointed. I wifhed to have named it fo; but as the
gracilis of Mr. Curtis is preferved in the Linnean berbarium under
the name of acuta (by which means we are fure of one of the va-
rieties), and as this has its title of acuta, var. rufa, only from a con-
verfation held accidentally with the younger Linnæus, I do. not ven-
ture to change the name upon this authority. There would, I
own, be great propriety in calling this plant acuta, and fuffering
Mr. Curtis's very apt appellation of gracilis to remain with the other.
I muft confefs that I have but little doubt of this being the acuta
var. rufa of Linnzus *.—It is the only” plant which accords with
* Since the reading of this paper, the Baronefs d’Itzenplitz favoured me with a fight
of fome Carices, fent her from Upfal, among which I obferved this plant named acuta.
Mr.
200 Dr. Goodenoucn’s Obfervations
Mr. Curtis’s gracilis, in the leading points-of the Linnean character:
Spicis mafculis pluribus, floribus digynis.
It is obfervable, that Michelius’s figure has the female fpikes acute,
rendered fo by the male flowers at the top; which appearance no
Carex has fo conftantly as this. !
Some years ago I received roots of this plant from Mr. Prich-
ford of Norwich: I have cultivated it ever fince, together with
€. cæfpitofa ; neither have I obferved either of them vary from e
defcription given above. |
(UM AREX. RIPARIA.
C. fpicis oblongis acutis 5 mafcularum fquamis lines: SN
nearum ariftato-acuminatis, capfulis ovato-lanceolatis apice fur-
cato-dentatis.
Petiv. Hort. Sic. vol. I. p.157.
Buddie, Hort. Sic. p. 28. n. 3, 4.
Carero aquaticum maximum, &c. fquamis in ariftam longius
… productis, capfulis oblongis, bifidis. Michel Nov. Gen, P. 57.
ot. 32. f 6, 7.
ramen cyperoides latifolium fpicà rufa cle: maiak Mor.
EA. Or Ml. 1. 8. .t.-12.- f. r.
Carex acuta, var. a. Hudf. Fl. Angl. p. 413. FI Scot. P. sr
Carex riparia, Flora Londin. & Withering, p. 10-6.
Habitat ad ripas foffarum fluviorumque; in paluftribus, & pratis
7 humidioribus. Aprili, Maio.
*
Radix valdé repens, craffa, perennis. Folia lata, erecta, fupra pal-
didiora, fubtus nigro-viridia, glauca, marginibus carináque afperri-
: 5
mis,
-æ
on the Britifo Species of Caren 20r
mis, culmum inflorefcentem fub-æquantia—quæ culmi bafin am-
biunt, vagina nervofà, nervis pulchré reticulatis. Cw/mus erectus,
firmus, triqueter, angulis acutiffimis, afperis, bipedalis & ultra.
Spice tres mafculæ, totidem foeminez. Spice mafcule terminales
oblongz, acutæ, triquetræ, angulis acutis, confertæ; fquamis lan-
ceolatis, acuminatis, nigris, nervo dorfali viridi Spice foeminex
oblongæ, & præ floribus terminalibus plerumque mafculis acute:
una aut altera inferior pedunculata, pedunculo fæpè longiufculo,
fuperiores fubfeffiles, omnes ere&tz. Squamz lanceolatæ, ariftato-
acuminatæ, nigræ, nervo dorfali viridi, capfulà longiores. Ad
{picas fœmineas bractea foliacea; una aut altera inferior culmum
fepius longè fuperans, pedunculi bafin vagina breviflimä occupans :
fuperiores fubfeffiles, bafi plerumque auriculatz, auriculatà rotun-
diufculà, culmum aut zquantes aut paulo breviores, tenuiores.
Cale ion imbricate, oblongo-ovatæ, acuminatæ, apice
ie
| tria, dcus linearibus Bern.
*
Stylus 1 Femaribus tribus.
There is fcarcely a poffibility of miftaking this — for any
other. Its black, triangular, acute male fpikes, and acuminated
bifurcated capfules, muft ever point out a moft decided diftinc-
tion. j
He who would wifh to obtain farther information, would do
well to confult the excellent figure and obfervations of Mr. Curtis
in his Flora Londinenfis, or Mr. Lightfoct’s accurate déícription i in his
Flora Scotica.
It varies a little occafionally as to the robuftnefs of its ftature,
and is met with fometimes with blunt male fpikes. Buddle’s No. 4.
is an inftance of it.
Yor 1i. ©: D d 42. CAREX
~
102 Dr. GoopENovon's Ob/fervations
4. CAREX PALUDOSA,
C. fpicis oblongis fub-obtufis ; mafcularum fquamis obtufis: foemi-
nearum lanceolatis, capfulis ovato-lanceolatis apice fub-den~
tatis.
Carex acuta. Fl, Londinenfis. Withering, p. 1084.
Habitat in paluftribus, & ad ripas foffarum. Maio, Junio.
Radix valdé repens, perennis. Folia circiter femunciam lata.
glauco-viridia, erecta, marginibus. carinâque afpera, culmo brevi--
ora, bafi rubra. Culmus pedalis, bipedalis, erectus, inæqualiter tri-
queter, angulis acutis afperis. Spice plerumque tres mafculæ, to-
tidem foeminez. Spice maícule terminales, approximate, trique-
tre, angulis obtufiufculis, oblongæ, obtufz ; fquamis fufcis, nervo:
dorfali viridi, oblongis, obtufis. Spica foeminez oblongæ, fzepiüs
obtufiufcule (fed variant obtufæ & acute pro præfentià aut abfen-.
tia florum. mafculorum terminalium ;. ubi. enim. hi adfunt, acutæ:
evadunt), ereétæ, inferior una aut altera. breviter pedunculata;.
floribus arctim. imbricatis : fquamz lanceolate, valdé acutæ, fufcæ,
nervo dorfali viridi, capfulà fæpè longiores Ad: omnem fpicam:
fœmineam bractea. foliacea, inferior una aut altera culmo longior,.
bafi pedunculum breviffimé amplectens; fuperiores aut culmuny
&quantes, aut pauló breviores ; bafi rariüs auriculate.. Capfula Tub-
ectofariam. imbricate, nervofæ, ovato-lanceolatæ, acutiufculæ,
apice ante maturitatem. integro, demum denticulis duobus breviffi-
mis con{piciendo.. Æilamenta ut in ceteris, Stylus. ftigmatibus.
tribus.. = j
This plant, which is fo common with us, does not appear to
have been noticed by Linnaeus. It is often very variable in its.
5 :
appears-
on the Britifo Species of Carex. 203
appearance, and comes fo near riparia, that it is not to be feparated
from it without a little clofe attention. The fcales of the male
{pike will afford a conftant chara&er: they are always more or lefs
blunt in this fpecies, and very acute in riparia. Its capfules are
either not at all, or very flightly divided at the fummit, but not
roftrated or furcated. From this circumftance I am inclined to
add the fynonym of Michelius, t. 32. f. 6. to riparia—never hav-
ing obferved the capfules of $a/udofa half fo deeply divided.
43. CAREX ACUTA
C. digyna, {picis filiformibus ; foemineis inflorefcentibus nutantibus s
fruétiferis erectis, capfulis acutiufculis apice indivifo.
codi , Herb. Rayan. vol. 12. p. 61. n. beo
Care GRE Var. 8. Fi. Succica, n. 8 57.
Carex gracilis. Flora Londin—& Withering, 1053.
Maio.
Radix perennis, repens. Folia angufta, amcené viridia, erecta,
apicibus pendulis, marginibus carinaque afperis, culmo breviora.
Culmus altitudine mirè variat, pro folo & fitu, trientalis, pedalis,
bipedalis & ultra, triqueter, angulis acutiffimis, afperis, fub inflo-
refcentià fepiüs cernuus. Spice maícule duæ, raró tres; fœmineæ
tres; omnes filiformes, tenues. Spice mafcula reétiufculæ, 1—3
unciales, fquamis oblongis, obtufis, nigris, nervo dorfali viridi, in-
feriores breviores. Spice foeminezx fubfeffiles (eft ubi inferior una
` aut altera breviter pedunculata), fub inflorefcentià nutantes f. re-
curve, maturiores erecta, floribus terminalibus fæpè maículis, &
Dda inde
204 | Da. GoopENovcu's Obfervations |
inde acutz. Squamæ oblongæ, acutæ, nigræ, nervo dórfali viridis.
capfulà pauló breviores. Ad omnem fpicam foemineam braétea
foliacea, feffilis, bafi fæpè auriculata, inferior culmo pauló longior,
fuperiores aut æquantes aut breviores. Cap/ulæ Íub-octofariàm
imbricatz, ovate, acutiufcule, compreífe, apice indivifoj claufo,
arétim imbricate. Filamenta tria, antheris linearibus flavis. Stylus
ftigmatibus duobus.
Whatever were the other variety of C. acuta, mentioned in the
feveral writings of Linnæus, we are quite fure that this was one, for
it is now in Dr. Smith’s herbarium, fo: named by Linnaeus himfelf.
Unfortunately the other is not preferved : however I can fcarcely
have a doubt but it was C. //riéla, that being the only one which
I know of, which bears any refemblance to Michelius’s figure, t. 32.
f. 12.. I would not however wifh to appear to be pofitive upon
this head, as there is not that exact refemblance in the figure,
which, after the commendation beftowed upon it by Linneus,
we have a right to expect..
The flendernefs of the habit of this plant in all its parts, its.
filiform fpikes, pendulous when in flower, its having the piftillum
with two ftyles, and the capfules of a compreffed form or flattifh,
and undivided at the fummit, keep it evidently diftinét from all
others. I have never feen it lefs than three or four inches
high (and that only in dry ftarved land), and therefore ftate it
as fuch. 3 |
Mr. Curtis, Dr. Stokes, and Mr. Woodward, all (hewed: good judgment
in long ago fufpeéting this to be the C. acuta of Linnæus. I derive my
information only from feeing the plant fince in the Linnean herba-
rium. Ido not therefore take any merit to myfelf, as being wifer than
thofe refpectable gentlemen, but only deem myfelf more fortunate
A
on the Britifo Species of Carex, 205
in my opportunity. _ Linnæus evidently confounded two fpecies
under the name acuta. As Michelius’s figure was faid by Lin-
"neus to be an exact likenefs of his firft variety, and as there was
no figure quoted to his fecond, Mr. Curtis, unable to reconcile this
plant to Michelius’s figure, judged it to be a diftinét fpecies, (who
would not have done the fame?) and called it gracilis accordingly.
44 CAREX VESICARIA.
C. fpicis mafculis linearibus ; feemineis oblongis patentibus, capfulis
inflatis oblongis roftrato-acuminatis patentibus.
Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 29. n. 2.
Gramen cyperoides majus præcox, fpicis turgidis teretibus flavefcen-
tibus. H. Ox. In. 242. f.8. t. 12 f. 6.
7 Suecia, n. O Po ich. n. - 895. Var. Be Leers, t. 16.
f 2. TII.
C. inflata. FL Angl. 412. Fl. Scot. 567. Withering, p. 1057.
Fi. Dan. 647.
Habitat in paluftribus. Maio.
Radix repens, perennis. Folia pallidé virentia, culmum fub in-
florefcentia fuperantia, marginibus carinaque afperis, angufta.
Culmus bipedalis, erectus, triqueter, angulis acutiffimis afperis.
Spice circiter tres mafculz, totidem foeminez. Spice mafculæ ter-
minales, ereétæ, fuperior 1—2 uncialis, cæteræ breviores, lineares,
fub-triquetræ ; fquamis oblongis, obtufiufculis, flavis, marginibus
; apicem verfus albidis, nervo dorfal: viridi, obfoletiuículo. Spica
fœmineæ oblongz, pedunculatæ (inferior pedunculo fatis longo,
faperiores brevioribus), 1—2 unciales, ereétiufculæ; f. fub-
patentes,
206 Dr. GoopENovcn's Obfervations
patentes. Squamæ lanceolate, anguftz, acutiffime, pallidæ, fub
inflorefcentià capfulà ferè duplo longiores, demum fub maturefcen-
tia iifdem ferè duplo breviores. Ad omnem fpicam foemineam
braétea foliacea, feffilis, culmo longior. Bra&ea tenuis fpicas maf-
culas etiam fæpiùs fubtendit; hzc culmo plerumque brevior.—
Cap/u/e laxiufculé difpofitz, patentes, glabra, flavefcentes, nervofæs
ovato-oblongz, acuminate, & quafi roftratæ, ore bifido, Filamenta
utin czteris. $7955 ftigmatibus tribus.
Obf. Capfulam C. dcpauperate refert, at fpicis foemineis oblongis
multifiorts, & mafculis CMT diftinétiffima.
Linnaus failed no where fo much as in defcribing his C. veficaria
He makes this his firft variety, C. /y/vatica his fecond, and C. am-
pullacea his third. Amidft fo much confufion, it, was {carcely
poffible to find any union of opinion amongit the feveral authors
who afterwards treated of the fame fubject. It was plainly to be
feen that they were diftinét fpecies—the difficulty lay in deter-
mining which was the original, and which the variety. Hence Mr.
Hudfon (to whom we muft all be ever indebted, as being the firft
author of a Linnean arrangement of the Britifh plants), and Mr.
Lightfoot, judged ampullacea to be the original, and under that im-
. preffion named this inflata. We are at length happily correéted
as to thefe doubts by the herbarium of Linnæus, wherein this
plant is named veficaria. Its yellow hue, narrow fhort Ícales, and
inflated fmooth conic capfules, point it out beyond all danger
of miftake.
Scheuchzer gives a long defcription of this plant, p. 470.
Li
. 45 CAREX’
on the Britifh Species of Carex. 207
45 CAREX AMPULLACEA.
C. fpicis filiformibus; mafculis tenuioribus; foemineis teretibus erec-
tis, capfulis inflatis globofis ariftato-roftratis divaricatis.
Buddle Hort. Sic. p. 29. n. 1,
Gramen cyperoides medium anguftifolium, fpicis teretibus erectis
flavefcentibus. Mori/. Hif. Oxon. Ill. 242. 1. 8. t. 12. f. 8.
Carex veficaria. Fl. Angl. 413. FL Scot, 566, Pollich, n. 895.
Var. a.
Carex roftrata Withering, p. 1959.
Habitat in paluftribus aquofis. Maio.
laucay. erecta, — |
Sulio fess ae apir beh iini ve magná ex parte afpera.—
Culmus pedalis, bipedalis, erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis, fummum
verfus afperis, fæpiùs autem infra fpicam inferiorem glabris. Spice
duz aut tres mafculæ, totidem foeminez. Spice mafculæ ex li-
neari filiformes; fumma fepits modicé incurva, uncialis etiam ali--
quando biuncialis, cæteræ breviores—Squamæ oblongæ, acutiuf-
cula (variant etiam obtufæ), flavefcentes, nervo dorfali viridi,.
margine tenero albo. Spice foeminez cylindricæ, unciales, biun-
ciales, cre&tze, pedunculatz, pedunculis brevibus, inferiori longiore.
Squamæ lanceolate, acutæ, flavefcentes, margine pallido, nervo:
dorfali viridi, capfulà feré duplo breviores, interdum præ morbo
quodam fortafle, æquales. Ad omnem fpicam, vel mafculam vel.
foemineam, braétea foliacea, angufta, erecta; fuperiores culmo bre-
viores, una aut altera inferior multo longior, omnes feffiles. Cap/ule
artim octofariàm imbricate, inflate, globofæ, ariftato-acumi--
natæ;,
-208 Dr. GoopEnoucn’s Obfervations
natæ f. roftratæ, divaricatæ, ore bidenticulato, flavefcentes, ner-
vole.—Filamenia ut in ceteris—Stylus ftigmatibus tribus.
Obf. Folia radicalia que culmi bafin obveftiunt vagina hinc
membranaceá, que mox in filamenta reticulatim connexa difrum-
pitur, uti in C. frida accidit.
LÀ
As Linneus has diftinguifhed other plants which have their feed-
veffels fhaped fomewhat like this, by the trivial name of ampulla-
ctus, I have adopted that appellation, as being more expreffive than
roffrata, which is a term common to many, viz. P/eudo-cyperus, de-
pauperata, Jylvatica, veficaria, &c. &c. Befides we have the authority
of Haller for this name, who had firft defcribed it, € ampul-
latis rofiratis. -
This fpecies i is not common near London; AA from the
different authors which I have cited, it appears to be an inhabitant
of many parts of this ifland. It is to be met with plentifully at
Virginia water. Ido not know how to add Leers’s figure 16. 2.
n. 2. becaufe he defcribes the female fpikes pendulous—a circum-
ftance I do not remember ever to have feen.
as CAREX HIRTA
C. pilofa, fpicis omnibus oblongis; foemineis remotis vaginatis: va-
ginis hinc lanato-villofis, capfulis hirtis.
: Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 1.
Gramen cyperoides polyftachion lanuginofum. Mor. Hif. Ox. III.
aay £8. t. 12 f. To.
Flor. Suec. 858. Leers, t. 16. f. 3, FI, Angl, 414. Fi. Scot. 568.
Pollich. n. 897. FI. Dan. 479.
Habitat
on the Britÿfh Species of Carex. 209
Habitat ; in pratis & des humidis, in cade & pe ms
| Maio, Junio.
Radix valdé repens, perennis. Félia ferè femunciam lata, villofa,.
ad oras carinafque hifpida, culmo fub-breviora. Culmus erectus,
triqueter, angulis acutiffimis, afperis. Spice duæ mafculæ, tres.
foœmineæ—Spicæm afculæ oblongæ, fub-unciales, erecte; fquamis
ovatis, fufcis, margine albo, nervo dorfali viridi, pilofis, obtufis, &
ex nervo prominenti breviffimé mucronatis. Spice fœmineæ {æ-
pits valdé remote, oblongæ, erecta, inferiores longiüs peduncu-
latz; fquamis villofis, ovatis, longiüs mucronato-acuminatis, mar-
gine albido, nervo doríali viridi. Ad ominem fpicam foemineam
bra&ea foliacea, quz ad fpicas inferiores ferè dimidium pedunculi
occupat, vaginà hinc Janato-villoia. —Porro bractea una aut altera.
ee ge ed | plate: n line nv hier alitor,
roftro bifido, fquamis pauló longiores. Filamenta tria, antheris for
didiufculé flavis. . S7y/us ftigmatibus tribus.
The thick down which covers thie leaves, and” particularly the
vaginæ and capfules of this fpecies, keeps it moft manifeftly dif-.
tin& from all others.
I have fpecimens of a Carex, given me by Mr. Lighifoot, which:
he informed me he met with in Scotland; it is an androgynous
fpecies, and nearly related to axillaris, if not the very fame. The
terminal fpike is for the moft part, but not altogether, male; a
few female flowers appearing at the bafe. The fpikes are
feffile in the axillæ of flender braétex, which are longer than
Von, Il. ' Ee the.
d
ID à : å
265 X Da. GoonENOUGH's Obfervations
the culm; neither are they, except the lowermoft, remote from
each other. I do not obferve any male flowers in the axillary
{pikes.. The fcales are oblong and acute, with a {trong nerve on
the back, which forms an acute point. The capfules are oblong
and acute, and flightly bifid at the point, and do not appear to be.
quite fo long as the fcales. The {pikes are all folitary.
It is diftinét from remota by its bifid capfule.—It feems different
from axillaris by all the {pikes being folitary: but this laft circum-
{tance has raifed a doubt in my mind, whether the fpecific cha-
racter which I have given axillaris, be juft: in particular, it pre-
vented me from calling it aggregata, under which title my very
{kilful and accurate friend and fellow-labourer, Mr. Curtis, has
fpoken of it. As he has not yet publithed his obfervations, I take
the advantage of confulting my fears, viz. that in bleak and bar-
ren expofures it produces its {pikes folitary and not aggregate; and
give it the name of axillaris, a name by which poffibly it was
known originally to L;zz«us, though, perhaps afterwards thinking
it the fame as remota, he rejected it as a diftinct fpecies.
My fpecimens are too fmall and too much damaged to enable me
to fpeak, with certainty, whether it be ax/Zar;; or not. They are
fpecimens of the whole plant from the crown of the roots, but
not of the root itfelf: they appear to be from four to fix inches
high.
I have thus the honour of laying before the Linnean Society,
my obfervations upon the Britifh fpecies of the genus Carex. I
have purpofely gone no farther into initíatenofi: ier inveftigation
than appeared to be neceffary toa fufficient knowledge of the objects
themfelves. I am aware, however, that the more minutely objects
arc
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PPS et ge Abe dun
on the Briti/h Species of Carex. 21I
are examined, the more ftriking are their differences. Still, how-
ever, much is due to the confideration of practical ftudy—He is
the beft mechanic, who produces the greateft effect, by the leaft
given power: and thus, in a ftudy like ours, he who difcriminates
moft plainly, be the plainnefs fimple as it may be, difcriminates
moft laudably and fatisfactorily.
_ There are four points of fome importance to the completing of
the arrangement of the Carices, which I have fcarcely touched
upon, viz. the defining with exaétnefs the true limits of the ge- ©
neric character—the fettling of the fynonyma—the colle&ing and
fettling of the effential differences of the foreign fpecies—and the
drawing out microfcopic defcriptions of the parts of fru&ification.
My obje& is attained, if I have contributed at all to the knowledge
of thofe of our own country, and that by means open to eafy ob-
fervation.
Before I conclude, I muft beg leave to return my particular -
thanks to Dr. Smith for the opportunities he has given me of con-
fulting the Linnean Herbarium ; and efpecially to Sir ¥o/eph Banks,
whofe matchlefs library, and moft extenfive collections, fo liberally
open to the perufal of all real lovers of Natural Hiftory, were of
moft eflential íervice to me in the execution of this 'Tra&.
Eez XVII. Oz
( 21.)
times, under different Names, in Profeffo# Gmelins Edition of Linueus's
Syflema Nature. By Jonas Dryavier, M. A. Libr, Ri $. and
SM DE Spe Sa
XVII. On Genera and Species of ses occur #wice or three
Read July 3, and Oëtober 2, 1792.
Page 5. MOMUM CURCUMA of Jacquin is the fame as .
Curcuma longa, page 8. fo far as Linné by that name
meant the officinal Curcuma, and certainly the fame as the figure
of Regnault, which the Editor quotes for Curcuma longa, though
that figure is not very good; nor does it differ from the Curcuma
longa of Koenig, in Retzii Obf. Bot. 3. page 72, the flowers of
which, fent by Koenig, preferved in fpirits, I have compared with
. Jacquin’s defcription and figure, and found them to agree.
This plant does not agree with the generic character which
Linné has given of Curcuma in Mufa Cliffort. page I5, from
thence copied in the different editions of his Genera Plantarum; but
that charaéter was evidently drawn up from his Curcuma rotunda,
the Manja-kua of the Hortus Malabaricus, a plant unknown to me,
but which, to judge from Rheede’s figure, is very different in fruc-
tification from the officinal Curcuma, Linné has no doubt been
led into this miftake by the aflertion in Hortus Malabaricus, that
ef the
ae
bi
Mr. DnvANpEn's Remarks, &c. 213
the flower of Manjella-kua, or the officinal Curcuma, is like that of
Manja-kua, and by the figure of a fingle flower of the natural fize
given by Hermann with his reduced figure of the officinal Curcuma.
This flower is exactly like that of Manja-kua in the Hortus Mala-
baricus, but cannot be copied from thence, as Hermann's book was
publifhed before the 11th volume of that work; I can no other- '
wife account for this fimilarity, than by fuppofing that Hermann
had feen the drawing before the publication. The reduced figure
of the whole plant, given by Hermann, is alfo erroneous, repre-
fenting the {capus at a diftance from the leaves; whereas it ap-
pears by the accounts of the Hortus Malabaricus, Rumphius,
Koenig, and Jacquin, that the ícapus comes out between the
leaves.
~ Page 6. Amomum fpurium, Zinziber fpurium of Koenig, is the
fame as Amomum zerumbet, p. 5, as may eafily be feen by comparing
gs defcription with Murray’s and Jacquin’s figures : and de-
paons. There is an error of the prefs in the quotation from
Koenig, which fhould be, p. 6o inftead of 59: in the latter page
is found Koenigs Amomum Cardamomum, which the Editor has
paffed over, though it is a different fpecies from Linné’s Amomum
Cardamomum ; it is mentioned by Thunberg in his Flora Japonica,
p. 15, under the name of Amomum Cardamomum javanicum.
Page 7. Alpinia occidentalis of Swartz, and p. 8. Alpinia jamaicenfis
of Gærtner, are the fame.
Page 9. Tfiana fpeciofa, Bankfea fpeciofa of Koenig, is Cofus ara-
bicus of Jacquin, Cofus /peciofus of Dr. Smith, in the firft volume
of our Society's Tranfaétions, and Cofus arabicus of Swartz prodr.
from whence the Editor has borrowed the differentia fpecifica of
Coffus arabicus, in p. 7.
— Page 16. Hippuris tetraphylla Linn. Suppl: and Hippuris lanceolata
ef Retzius, are the fame.
| Page
214 Mr. Dryanper’s Remarks on
Page 23. Nyétanthes acuminata of the younger Burmannus is the
fame as Nerium coronarium, p. 435, if we may judge from the fyno-
nyms quoted by Burmannus, which all belong to the Nerium co-
renarium of Jacquin.
Page 26. Chionanthus compaéia of Swartz, and Chionanthus caribaea
of Jacquin, are the fame.
Ceranthus of Schreber is Chionanthus incraflata of Swartz, as the
latter has informed me by letter.
Page 27. Hebe of Juffieu is Veronica decuffata, p. 30. See Ta-
bleau Methodique du Chev. de la Marck, p. 45. n. 182.
Page 31. Pæderota cærulea of Scopoli and Linn. Suppl. is Pæderota
Bonarota fp. pl. Pæderota lutea of Scopoli and Linn. Suppl. is
Pederota Ageria Linn. Mant.
Page 32. juficia fpinofa y. Fuflicia appreffa of Forfkähl is Bar-
leria Prionitis, p. 959, according to Vahl, fymb. 1. p- 46.
Page 33. J'ufficia lanceata of Forfkähl is the fame as p.960. Bars
leria noéfifiora of Linn. Suppl. which I know both from Vahl, loc,
cit. and from the comparifon of a fpecimen from Forfkáhl in Sir
Jofeph Banks's herbarium, with fpecimens fent from Koenig of
the Barleria noétifiora. '
Page 34. Jfuficia viridis of Forfkähl is Yufficia Echolium, p. 32.
See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 2.
Page 38. Gratiola veronicifolia of Koenig and Retzius is the fame
as Ruellia antipoda, p. 959.
Page 40. Utricularia inflexa of Forfkáhl is not a different fpecies
from Ujricularia ffellata of Linn. Suppl. in the opinion of Profeffor
Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 6. Fagelia flavicans is Calceolaria pinnata, p. 39.
a 49. Thouimia nutans, Linn. Suppl. is Chionanthus zeylanica,
p.207
* Page 50. Pentagloffum linifolium of Fortkáhl is already in Reichard's edition of the
Syftema Plantarum, given as a fynonym of Lythrum T hymifolia, p. 753.
Page
Profefor Gmelin’s Linné?s Syflema Nature. 21;
Page 52. Orchis rubra of Jacquin is Orchis papilionacea Linn.
Page 54. Orchis filicornis, and p. 58. Ophrys patens, are the
fame. 5 :
Page 56. Satyrium elatum of Swartz, and p. 59. Serapias Neottia;
Neottia minor of Jacquin, are the fame: the Editor alfo quotes
the fame figure of Plumier for both*.
Page 76. Anthoxanthum paniculatum, Poa Gerardi, p. 179, and
Feftuca fpadicea, p. 186, are the fame. See Dr. Smi/'s paper on this
` grafs, in the firft volume of our Society's Tranfactions.
Page 77. Piper latifolium, and, p. 78, Piper metbyflicum, is the fame
fpecies of Linn. Suppl. taken up twice with the fame differentia
Ípecifica, but different trivial names. Young Linné had, in the
Supplement, defcribed the Piper latifolium of Solander and Forfter,
and miftaking it for the fpecies from which the intoxicating liquor
Ava is md he pi to it the trivial name of methyfticum,
: "6 41213 tter one; but on his coming to
England, he was formed of his nite, and defired Mr. Ehrhart,
who had the direétion of the printing of the Supplement, to rectify
it, which was done by inferting in the laft page of the book a cor-
reétion, to read latifolium for methyfticum, 4
Page 79. Piper flellatum of Swartz is, I believe, the fame as Piper
verticillatum, p. 78; at leaft I can fee no other difference, than in the
length of the fpikes, between Browne's fpecimen of the latter in
Linné’s herbarium, and a fpecimen from Jamaica in Sir Jofeph
Banks's herbarium, which D. Swartz has marked as his P. ftellatum.
Page 97. Ficus vaffa of Forfkahl is Ficus dente P- 96. See
Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 82.
Page 71. Kofaria of Forfkähl is the fame genus as Dr/fenia, p. 265. Sce Lamarck,
in AG. Soc. Hift. Nat. Parif. p. 85. It is very improperly quoted in Linn. Suppl. as
a fynonym for Ocymum capitellatum.
—
` Page
216 Mr. DRYANDER s Remarks on
Page 105. Loeflingia indica of Koenig and Retzius has Pharaa=.
ceum deprefum of Linn. Mant. for fynonym, but ftill occurs agains,
p. 506, under the latter name.
Page 106. Alternanthera of Forfkahl, is Zecebrum /efile, P. 427.
See Vahl, fymb. I. p. 22. :
Page 108. Ixia Lapeiroufia, La Peyroufia compreffa of Pourret, is.
the fame as p. 111. Gladiolus anceps of Thunberg, and Linn. Suppl.
Page 117. Morea fugax of Jacquin is the fame as, p. 116, Iris-
edulis of Thunberg. |
Page 119. 44///ea cyanea of Hort. Kew. and, p. 1175 Morea afri=.
cana of Thunberg, Ixia africana, Spec. plant. are the fame.
Page 125. Scirpus fiftulofus of Forfkàhl is Scirpus articulatus, p. X245.
See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8. i |
Page 126.. Scirpus niloticus, Scirpus bifumbellatus of Forfkahl, is.
Scirpus dichotomus, p. 128. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8. Profeffor Vahl
alfo joins with them the Scirpus annuus of Allioni, which the Edi-
tor, by a ftrange miftake, has arranged in the firft divifion of the-
genus, p. 124, though it has umbella decompofita,
. Page 128. Scirpus cyperoides is referred by the Editor himfelf, in:
p. 122, to Kyllinga fumatrenfis, as a fynonym; and here he quotes, .
as figure of it, Rottboell, tab. 4. fig. 2. which is Kyllinga um-.
- bellata.
Page 129. Cyperus. niloticus-of Forfkàhl is, in the opinion oi Ec:
feffor Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 7. not a different fpecies from Cyperus. ar-
ticulatus, | |
Page 131. Cyperus ferrugineus of Forfkàhl is Cyperus fufcus, pe 133..
See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8.
Page 136. Schoenus cyperoides of Koenig and Retzius is the fate:
as Cyperus triflorus, p. 133. In p. 137. is a different Schoenus. cy-.
,peroides, from Swartz, —— | | 2
Schoenuss
ss
Profefor Gmelins Linn? s 3yfema Natura. 217
Schoenus odoratus is the fame as Kyllinga triceps, p. 122. See Rottb.
defcr. et ic. p. 14:
Page 143. Carex pendula of Hudfon and Curtis is the fame as,
P. 145. Carex Agaflachys of Ehrhart, —
Page 151. Axyris ceratoides is the fame as, p. 274. Krafchenninikofia
latens, Krafchenninikouia Ceratoides of Güldenftædt ; and P. 424-
Achyranthes pappofa of Forfkähl is alfo the fames fee Vahl, fymb. 1.
pP. 76.
"Page 152. Saccharum Koenigii of Retzius, Saccharum diandrum of
Koenig, is, I believe, the fame as Lagurus cylindricus, p. 194.
Page 153. Phalaris afpera of Retzius is probably the fame as,
p. 167. Phleum panicilaium of Hudfon.
Page 154. Phalaris difticha of Forfkahl is, by Profeffor Vahl,
fymb. 1. p. 9. referred to Agroftis pungens, Schreb. gram. 2. p. 46.
tab. 27, f; 3:5 : andi in Epraparinx Bits s figure with a fpecimen in Sir
Jofeph Banks’s herba n Fc 1l, and another from Abbé
Purre, of Ki Agroftis pungens, hich the Editor has taken up,
p- 171. from Lamarck, I fee no reafon to doubt the identity of
* thefe three plants.
Phalaris velutina of Forfk&áhl is Panicum fanguinale, p. 159. See
Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8.
Phalaris fetacea of Forfkàhl is Panicum polyftachyon, p. 156.
See Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 18.
Page 158. Panicum tetraflicbon of Forfkahl is Panicum colonum
p. 157. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 9. 2
Panicum fluitans of Koenig and Retzius, and Panicum geminatum
of Forfkähl, are the fame. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8.
Page 159. Panicum comprefum of Forfkàhl ts Cymofurus indus
p. 185. See Vahl, fymb. 2. posh
Page 173. Holcus exiguus of Forfkahl is Holcus halepenfis.
Vahl, fymb. 1, p. 81.
- Vor. II. Ff Holcus
218 Mr. DryANDER’sS Remarks om
Holcus Durra of Forfkahl (mifprinted Duna) is Holcus Sorghum
(mifprinted Sorybum). See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8o.
* Page 182. Poa cynofuroides of Retzius, Poa madraftenfis of
Koenig, is the fame as, p. 183. Uniola bipinnata,
Poa multiflora of Forfkahl is Briza Eragrofis, p. 183. See Vahl,
fymb. 2. p. 20.
Page 183. Poa ficula of Jacquin’s collect. et ic. Briza cynofuroides
of Scopoli, and, p. 185. Cynofurus ficulus of Jacquin’s obf. bot. are
the fame; and the Editor quotes the-fame figure for the firft and
the laft. It is the Triticum unioloides of Hort. Kew. and Triticum
brizoides of Lamarck, encycl. 2. p. 561.
Page 185. Cynofurus lagopoides of Burmannus fhould, according
to the fynonym of Plukenet, be J//ecebrum Monfoniæ, p. 426; but as
1 cannot fuppofe that any botanift could miftake an Illecebrum for a
grafs, I muft only conclude that a wrong figure has been quoted.
Page 187. Feffuca dichotoma, and, p. 188. Fefuca lanceolata of
Forfkàhl, are the fame as Triticum maritimum, p. 200. See Vahl,
Íymb. 2. p. 26.
Page 189. Bromus afper of Linn. Suppl. is the fame as, p. 190.
Bromus montanus of Pollich, and Bromus birfutus of Curtis, whofe
differentia fpecifica the Editor has copied, without quoting him,
but referring to Hudf. Angl. 51, where it is true that this plant
occurs, but under the name of Br. nemoralis, and with a different
-fpecific defcription. To make the confufion ftill greater, Curtis’s
figure is quoted under Br. ramofus of Linn. Mant. which is quite a
different plant, and not found in England,
Page 190. Bromus villofus of Fortkahl is Bromus madritenfs,
p. 188. See Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 23.
* Page 176. Melica Lobelii of Villars, and Melica uniflora of Retzius and Curtis, are
‘the fame, See Lamarck in AQ. Soc. Hift, Nat. Parif. 1. p. 85.
Page
8.
yrs o CO e i si ie RCM A a ll
ce tee ———á— À'Ó—M Án m ee D Le
. 7
Profefor Gmelins Linné’s Syflema Natura. 219
Page 191. Stipa arguens is the fame as Anthiftiria ciliata, p. Y94.
Page 196. Ariflida lanata of Forfkahl is Arifida plumofa, p. x95.
See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 11.
Ariftida paniculata of Forfk&hl is Arida adfcenfionis, p. 195. See
Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 25.
Page 197. Rottboellia corymbofa of Linn. Suppl. Ægilops exaltata
of Linn. Mant. is the fame as Rottboellia punctata of Retzius.
Page 198. Secale profiratum of Pallas is the fame as, p. 200. Tri-
ticum profiratum of Linn. Suppl.
Page 199. Hordeum imrinum of Forfkahl, and Hordeum genicula-
tum of Allioni, are the fame. See Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 25.
Hordeum fecalinum of Schreber, and Hordeum maritimum of Müller,
are the fame, in the opinion of Profeffor Retzius, Fl. Scandin. n. 144.
Page 200. Triticum bromoides of Wiggers is Bromus pinnatus,
P ie !
- — us of Jacquin is the fame as Xyhe
pbylla dati fola, 1 p. aor
Page 206. Eriocaulon amplexicaule of Rottboll is the fame as, p. $70.
Tonina fluviatilis of Aublet.
Page 223. Protea brumiades of Linn. Suppl. and Protea corym-
bofa cf Thunberg, are the fame.
Page 227. Lidbeckia capenfis, Lidbeckia peétinata of Bergius, is
Cotula frriéta, p. 1250.
Page 230. Scabiofa altifima of Jaquin, which the Editor has
taken up as variety £. of Scabiofa africana, is Scabiofa indurata,-
Linn. Mant.
Page 231. Crinita capenfis of Houttuyn is the fame as, p. 244.
Pavetta caffra, Linn. Suppl.
Page 232. Hedyotis americana of Jacquin is the fame as Hedyo-
His rici which the Editor has borrowed from Swartz, prodr. 29.
Ff2 without
220 iw Mn. DRYANDER’s Remarks on
without quoting him, and without attending to the reference to-
Jacquin. ;
Page 233. Scabrita [cabra is certainly. the fame. as Nyéanthes
* Arbor triftis, p. 23. i
Page 235. Afperula calabrica Linn. Suppl. and, p. 243. Pavetta
Jætidifima of Cyrillo, are the fame.
Page 243. {xora alternifolia of Jacquin remains here, though the
Editor has very properly quoted Jacquin’s figure under Cefrrum .
vebertinum, p. 388. 3
Page 250. Buddleja. globofe- of. Hope. is the fame as. Buddleja-
capitata of Jacquin.
Page 254. Scoparia ternata of Forfkàhl is Scoparia dulcis, according -
to Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 12. |
` Page 256. Cifus arborea of Forfkähl is Salvadora perfica, p. 280.
See Vahl,fymb. 1. p.12. Rivina paniculata, pe 278. is alfo the.
fame; it has remained in all the editions of the Syftema . Vegetabi-.
lium and Syftema Nature fince the tenth edition, though it is rea-
ferred to Salvadora perfica in Spec. plant. ed. 2. p. 178. Embelia:
indica, p. 280. muft alfo be confidered as the fame, as the Editor has
taken the character of it from. Retzius, whofe Embelia Groffularia
is the Salvadora perfica. Embelia Ribes of Burm. ind. 624. Ri4
befioides Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 403, is a very different plant; it is by
Gartner, fem. 1. p.. 189, referred to the genus of Antidefma, from
its drupa nuce fcrobiculata.
Page 259. Junghanfia faginea is the fame aS, D. 247. Relbamia.
(read Relhania) faginea, Curtifia faginea of Hort. Kew.
Page 260. Sceura marina of Forfkähl is
P. 963. Sce Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 47.
Sirium myrtifolium, and, P- 276. Santalum album, axe the fame..
Page 261. Ludwigia repens of Swartz is l/mardia palufris,
P. 265.
Avicennia Tomento[a,,
=>
Page
í Profeffer Gmelins Linns Syfema Nature, 225
Page 262. Azima mva is; 1 fuppofe, meant for Azima tetracan-
tha of Lamarck, and then it is the fame as, p. 254. Monetia bar-
lerioides of. L''Heritier- Azima diacantha of Lamarck is.only taken:
from Plukenet’s figure, and confequently. doubtful. .
Page 263. Oldenlandia mp and, p. 370. Dentella repens of Fore
fter, dre the fames ^: + -+ =.
Oldenlandia tenu ifolia i is ‘the ae as j; Aeg herbacea, p.232.
Page 269. Urtica elongata, Urtica Japonica of Linn. Suppl is
probably the fame as Urzica fpicata of Thunb, Japon. at leaft I
cannot find there any other fpecies it can be; and it is natural to -
füppofe that a plant from Japan, which young Linné had re-
ceived from Thunberg, muft be found in the Flora Japonica of
the latter.,
Page 272. Maprunea guianenfis of Aublet is Higopricon betulinum,
P. 18. See Sgith ic. PARA 42
ge 275. sMef/charia æ is Teucrium Ioa, D 893. : See
Vahl, noe rn .p E :
Nigrina fpicata of Thunberg is certainly the Dae. as, p. 280...
Chloranthus inconfpicuus of Swartz. The difcovery of the identity
of them was made by Profeffor Swartz himfelf, on feeing the-
Nigrina in Chevalier Thunberg's herbarium.
Page 279. Nacibea coccinea of Aublet is certainly the fame genus -
as Manettia, p. 277, which differs only from Cinchona in the number
ofthe foliola calycina being double to that of the divifion of the
corolla and of the ftamina. Nacibea alba, having the number of.
the foliola calycina equal to the divifions of the corolla and the fta-
mina, may be more properly referred to the genus Cinchona, as the
mere difference in number cannot be fufficient to feparate genera.
: Page 283. Morus tinétoria, and Morus Xanthoxylum, are the fame.
Page 284. Laurembergia capenfis, Laurembergia repens of Ber- -
gius, is the fame as Serpicula repens, p. 270. !
Page :
par
222 Mr. DavANDER's Remarks on 3
Page 286. Gomoxia granadenfs is the fame as Nertera depreffz,
p.282. See Smith ic. plant. 28. - :
Page 314. Heliotropium coromandelianum of Koenig, and Heljo-
tropium ovalifolium of Forfkahl, are the fame. See Vahl, fymb. r.
pr.
Page 318. <Anchufa tuberculata of Fortkàhl is Litho/permum orien-
tale, p. 316. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 14,7
Anchufa flava of Forfkàhl is Afperugo ægyptiaca, p. 321. See
Vahl, fymb. I. p. 14.
Page 324. Tournefortia humilis is the fame as Heliotropium fru-
iicofum, p. 314.
Page 339. Endrachium madagafcarienfe is the fame as Smithia
Thouinia, p. 388. Thouinia | fpeétabilis of. Smith. See Smith
ic. plant. fafc. 2. p. 6.
Convolvulus Hermanniæ of L'Heritier, ind, p. 341, Convolvulus cre-
natus of Jacquin, are the fame. |
Page 340. Convolvulus nervofus of Burmannus is the fame as,
p. 341, Convolvulus fpeciofus of Linn. Suppl.
Page 345. Ipomoea palmata of Forfkahl is Convolvulus Cairicus,
p.342. See Vahl, fymb. I. p. 16 .
Ipomoea biloba of Forfkähl is Convolvulus Pes capre, p. 344, as I
know from a fpecimen of Forfkahl’s in Sir Jofeph Banks's her-
barium. |
. Ipomoea aquatica of Forfkàhl is Convolvulus repens, p. 343- See
Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 17.
Page 354. Roella reticulata has no other authority for its exift-
ence than Petiver's figure, and his calling it a Campanula; but on
comparing this figure with Gorteria ciliaris, it is clear that it repre-
fents that plant without flowers.
Page 356. Lobelia furinamenfs, and Lobelia levigata, are the
fame, :
Lobelia
Profeffor Gmelin s Linné's Syflema Nature. 223
Lobelia bulbofa, Lobelia Cypbia, p. 357, Lobelia bulbofa Linn.
Suppl. and, p. 370. Cyphium capenfe, Cyphia bulbofa of Bergius, are
the fame; which I could eafily tell, even if I did not know the
plant, as Bergius quotes Linn. fp. pl. and the younger Linné
quotes Bergius, though he has forgot to refer to his father’s writ-
ings. In the figure of Burmannus, quoted for Lobelia bulbofa,
the Editor has copied the error of prefs in the fpecies plantarum,
(fig. r. inftead of 2.) without attending that he in the following
page refers the fame figure to L. coronopifolia, which it is.
Page 357. Lobelia comofa remains here as a fpecies, though `
it is taken up in the foregoing page as a variety 8. of Lobelia tri-
: quetra.
Page 358. Lightfootia oxycoccoides and fubulata of L'Heritier a are
here joined with the genus of Lobelia, from which they are very
diftin& ; and un in p. RE er are > taken up under Swartz's
genus of Agt ia, to 1 "have not the fmalleft affi-
nit
ptm 359. Rondeletia bifora of Rottboll is the fame as, p. 334»
Vireëta biflora of Linn. Suppl. |
Page 366. Hamellia ventricofa of Swartz, and Hamellia grand/fora
of L/Heritier, are the fame,
Page 308. Lonicera media of Murray, known in the Englifh
gardens under the name of L. glauca, is the Lonicera dioica of
Linné, as appears from his herbarium.
Page 371. Morinda mufcofa of Jacquin remains here in the genus
Morinda, though the Editor has taken it up, p. 372, as Cephælis
anufcofa from Swartz.
Page 373. Lignonia of Scopoli is, by his own account, Paypay-
rola o£ Aublet, which the Editor has taken up under that name,
pP. 419.
Page
424 . "Mr. DryAnver’s Remarks on
“Page 382. Phyfalis limenfis of Retzius, I have no doubt, from
-the defcription, of being the fame as, .p. 381. Phy/alis proffrata of
LHeritier; but: how the latter came in the divifion of Perennes,
I cannot tell. "He firft words in L'Heritier's deícription are:
*€ Planta annua.’
Page 385. Solanum agyptiacum-of Forfkàhlis Solanum nigrum y
villofum of Linn. according to Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 40.
„Solanum memphiticum, Forfk. p. 46. n. 51. is, by Profeffor Vahl,
loc. cit. referred to Solanum nigrum as a new variety n birfutum.
. Solanum incanum of Fortkahl is Solanum fancium, p. 386. See Vahl,
fymb. 2. p. 41.
“Page 387. Sirychnos potatorum of Linn. Suppl. and Strychnos
Tetankotta of Koenig and Retzius, are the fame. Tetan-kottz, which
is probably the 'Tamul name of this tree, is quoted in the former
place.
Page 380. Lycium aponicum. of T hunberg, and Lycium fætidum
of Linn. Suppl. are the fame; but more properly taken up as a
diftin& genus by Juflieu under the name of Seriffa, by L’ Heritier
called db, and by Loureiro, Dyfoda.
Lycium heterophyllum of Murray is the fame as Lycium boerhaviz-
folium of Linn. Suppl which the Editor has taken up, p. 303;
under L’Heritier’s name of Ehretia halimifolia.. By a ftrange error
of the prefs, the name which ought to follow the quotation, Suppl.
p. 150, is to be found in the ES: page, between n. 6. and
n. 7.
Page 390. Placoma pendulum, and, p. 428. Plocama pendulum, i is
the fame plant of Hort. Kew. taken up twice, with a fmall va-
riation in the generic name, probably only from an error of
the prefs.
Page 391. Vallaris indica, V allaris — of Burmannus, is
aoe glabra, p. 440. |
4 Meifleria
Profefor Gmelins Linn?'s Syflema Natura. 225
Meifleria anonyma, Barreria of Scopoli, n. 767, (mifprinted 868.)
is Poraqueiba guianenfis of Aublet; and though the Editor has taken
the character effentialis, not from Scopoli, but from Aublet's gene-
ric defcription, he ftill has the fame plant, in p. 331, under Aublet's
name. !
- Page 392. Chironia dodecandra of Walter is meant for C. dode-
candra of Species plant. as the trivial name is not printed in italics ;
and then it is Chlora dodecandra, p. 618.
Page 398. Rbamnus pentaphyllus, firt publifhed by Linné, un-
der the name of Rhamnus ficulus, in the Appendix to the 3d
tom. of the Syftema Naturæ, 12th edition, is the Argan or Olive-
tree of Morocco (fee Hófts cfterretninger om Marokos, p. 284): as
appears from the fpecimen in Linné’s herbarium, which has a
ticket affixed with the name of Argan of Morocco, and which I
have alfo compared with fpecimens in Sir Jofeph Banks's herba-
feffion of Sir Jofeph Banks, it alfo appears, that the Argan was
already taken up by Linné in the Hortus Cliffortianus, under the
name of Sideroxylum fpinofum, though moft of the fynonyms are
wrong, and confequently the locus natalis, which is taken from
them. The fpecimen in Linné’s herbarium, under the name of
Sideroxylum fpinofum, is without flowers, and fuch that it 1s im-
poffible to tell with any certainty what it is; Clifford's herbarium
is therefore the only authority by which this fpecies can be af-
certained. Rhamnus ficulus pentaphyllos of Boccone, which is
quoted as a fynonym for the firft, is a very different plant, having
really folia quinata, and confequently not at all likely to belong to
either of thefe genera. The fpecimen which Jacquin has defcri- —
bed in his Obf. Bot. is now in Sir Jofeph Banks’s herbarium ;
but having no flowers, only fruit, it is impoffible to deter-
mine it. ; 7
-: Vor. II. Gg Page
IMMO. Olli V.
ccs
226 Mr. DryANper’s Remarks om
Page 399. .The fpecimen in Linné’s herbarium, from whicte
the differentia fpecifica of Rhamnus micranthus, and the defcription in
Ameen. Academ. were made, is Boehmeria ramiflora, p. 267; but the
fynonyms belong to a fpecies of Celtis, taken up in Swartz's prodr.
under the name of micrantha.
Rhamnus ellipticus of Swartz and Hort. Kew. and, p. 402, Ceanothus
rechnatus of L'Heritier, are the fame; and the Editor quotes the
fame figure of Browne for both.
- Page 403. Me/a of Forfkahl is the fame genus as, p. 370. Bwo-
botrys of Foffter ; Forfkahl’s plant is called by Vahl, fymb. I. p. 1%
Bæobotrys lanceolata.
Page 408. Rubentia of Commerfon and Juflieu is the fame as,
p. 417. Eleodendrum of Jacquin.
Page 409. Diofma unicapfularis of Linn. Suppl. is the fame
as, p. 268, Empleurum Aioni, Empleurum ferrulatum of Hort.
Kew.
Disfma oderatifima of Montin, and Diofma latifolia of Linn. Suppl.
are the fame. :
~ Page 418. "There is no reafon to fuppofe that Mangifera Amba
of Forfkahl is different from Mangifera indica, in which Jacquin
has found the ftamina fuch as Forfkàhl defcribes them in Amba,
See ic. vol. 2. and collect. 4. p. 97.
Page 422. Loghania of Scopoli; n. 1076, (mifprinted 1476,) is,
by his own account, Souroubea of PM and confequently Ruy/chia
Surubea, p. 407.
So far I had written when I received the firft part of the firft
volume of the 'Tranfactions of the Society of Natural Hiftory of
Paris, in which M. Lamarck has given a memoire on this fubject s
but not having had tease to examine this edition thoroughly,
the
M
Profefor Gmelins Linné's Syfema Nature. 227
the inftances he gives of thefe duplications and triplications of ge-
. mera and fpecies, are not fo many as they would have been, if he
had extended his refearches farther. My firft intention, on peruf-
ing M. Lamarck's obfervations, was to leave out in this paper all
the inftances given by him; but, confidering that our Society’s
Tranfaétions may fall into the hands of many who have not fo
eafy an opportunity of feeing the French Actes, i {hall purfue my
plan in the fame manner as I have begun it, and have alfo added,
in notes to the former part of this paper, three inftances from M.
Lamarck, which had efcaped my obferyation.
Gartner has made a miftake in the trivial name, this tree being a
native of the ifland of Madeira, and not of the Bahama Iflands.
Bacca infera given as fpecific difference to the Anguillaria zeylanica
of Gartner, by the Editor, is fo ridiculous a miftake that I can
no way account for it,
Page 433. Cerbera parviflora of Forfter is the fame’ as, p. 439.
Ocbrofia borbonica, as Y learnt by the comparifon of a fpecimen from
Forfter in Sir Jofeph Banks's herbarium, with a fpecimen of Gom- _
merfon’s in the poffeffion of Mr. Viborg; but Ochrofia maculata
of Jacquin’s Icones & Collectanea is probably a different fpecies,
having lanceolate leaves, longer and narrower than thofeof Cerbera
parviflora.
Page 434 Gardenia jafminoides of Retzius, and Gardenia fcandens
of Thunberg, are the fame. M. Lamarck makes, in his me-
moire, an obfervation, that Gardenia fpinofa and dumetorum are
the fame; and he is very right that G. fpinofa of Linn, Suppl. is
Ser. the
228 Mr. DryanDer’s Remarks on
the fame as G. dumetorum of Koenig and Retzius; but I am in-
clined to believe that G. fpinofa of Thunberg, from China, is a
different fpecies, having the calyx externally, and the germen very
hairy, which both are {mooth in the former.
Page 439. -Amfonia Tabernamontana of Walter is certainly meant
for Tabernemontana Amfonia of Linné, as the trivial name is printed
in Roman character; and I think it highly probable that his
Amfonia ciliata is the fame as Tabernemontana anguftifolia Hort.
Ewe |
Page 441. Cynanchum cordifolium of Koenig and Retzius is the
fame as, p. 442, Cynanchum extenfum of Jacquin.
Page 444 <Afclepias cordata of Foríkàhl is Pergularia tomentofa,
P- 449; but the defcription in Linn. Mant. 53. does not belong to
the fame plant, as may eafily be feen by comparing it with the differ-
entia fpecifica; nor is the fynonym of Burmannus properly referred
toit. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 23.
Page 445. <A/clepias repanda is, i£ I am not miftaken, the fame
as A/clepias crifpa.
Page 453. Salfola monobraëtea of Fortkahl, and Sa/fola muricata
-of Linn. Mant. are the fame. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 24.
Salfsla mucronata of Forfkàhl is the fame as, p. 454. Anabafis
Jpinofiffima of Linn. Suppl. See Vahl, loc. cit.
Page 454. reris javana is the fame as Nama zeylanica, p. 457.
Page 463. Vablia capenfis of Thunberg is the fame as Ru/elia
capenfis Linn. Suppl. :
Page 477. Peucedanum minus is the fame as Pimpinella dioica,
P: 492. |
Page 483. Sium ainfi is taken up only from Kempfer’s figure,
which certainly reprefents Sium Sifarum; and it is to be fuppofed
that the Japanefe had been impofed upon by the Chinefe, to take
this
Profeffor Gmelin’s Linnes Syflema Nature. -229
this for the plant which furnifhed the Ginfeng, as we know by the
figure drawn by Father Jartoux, on the fpot where this famous
root is collected, that it is the root of Panax quinquefolium. See
his figure in the tenth volume of Lettres Edifiantes, copied from
thence in the Philofophical Tranfaétions, vol. 28. tab. 5. and in
Defcription de la Chine par du Halde, folio edition, vol. 2, at-
page 154-
Page 484. Sifon falfum of Linn. Suppl. is the fame as, p. 477.
Peucedanum redivivum of Pallas.
Page 499. Tamarix orientalis of Forfkàhl is the fame as Thuja
aphylla, p. 1006. See Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 48. |
Page 502. Pafliflora füpulata of Aublet, is probably the fame as
Pafifora glauca of Hort. Kew. In Aublet's own herbarium is no
fpecimen of his plant, fo that it cannot be afcertained with cer-
tainty; but a fpecimen in Sir Jofeph Bankss herbarium, colle&ed
in Cayenne by Mr. von Rohr, which I think very likely to be
Aublet’s plant, has ftipulæ femicordatz, as the P. glauca of
Hort. Kew. even more rounded than the loweft ftipulz in Aublet's
figure, and not femi-fagittatæ, as the upper ones in the fame
figure.
Page 511. Statice aphylla of Forfkahl is the fame as Statice
pruinofa, See Vahl, fymb. 1, p. 26.
Page 515. Schranckia quinquefaria, Scop. introd. g. 1334, has
given me more trouble than any other of the frequent miftakes of
the Editor. No Schranckia is in Scopoli, and 1334 is an error of
the prefs. After feveral fruitlefs attempts to find this genus, I
had at laft the patience to examine every genus in Scopoli which
is not taken from Linné, and from this inveftigation I found that
it could be no other genus than 1043, Goupia of Aublet, though
the Editor has given a falfe charaëter of the fruit, from mifunder-
ftanding
230 Mr. DRYANDER’s Remarks on
ftanding Aublet’s figure. Goupia is before taken up, in p. 510,
under Schreber's name of Gloffopetalum.
Wifenia indica, Vilenia umbellata of Houttuyn, is the fame as,
p. 1011. Melochia odorata of Forfter and Linn. Suppl.
Page 520. Erachfa bexagyna of Forfkàhl, and, p. 597, Limeum
humile of Forfkáhl, are the fame as Andrachne telephiaides, p.504
Sce Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 99.
Scheflera of Forfteris the fame genus as Aralia; p. 500.
Page 531. Hepetis angufiifolia of Swartz is the fame as, p. 530.
Pitcarnia bromeliæfolia of L'Heritier. |
Page 532. Lachenalia mediana of Jacquin, and Lachenalia pallida
of Hort. Kew. are the fame.
Page 533. Tradefcantia [pathacea of Swartz, and T; radenia dif-
color of L’Heritier, are the fame.
Page 537. Crinum obliquum of Linn. Suppl. is the fame as, P.5 48,
Timmia obliqua, Cyrtanthus obliquus of Hort. Kew. And the Editor
quotes the fame figure of L'Heritier for both, though in the former
quotation is an error of the prefs, 15 inftead of 16. (Tab. rs. is
Amaryllis aurea, for which it is quoted in p. 539.)
: Page 538. Crinum anguftifolium of Linn. Suppl. is the fame as
Üimmia anguftifolia, Cyrtanthus anguftifolius of Hort. Kew.
Amaryllis capenfis is certainly the fame as Hypoxis Rellata, P. 548.
Page 547. Enargea marginata of Solander and Gærtner is the
fame as, p. 556. Callixene of Commeríon and Juffieu.
Page 550. Ornithogalum caudatum of Jacquin is the fame as'O.
caudatum of Hort. Kew. which the Editor has taken up, in p.551,
under the name of Ornithogalum Maffni (mifprinted Malfeni.)
Ornithogalum flavefcens and Ornithogalum miniatum of Jacquin feem
.to me to be only varieties, dibus in nothing but the colour of
-the flowers. The differentia Ípecifica which the Editor lras given
E. of
m —M en
t ÀÀÀ ane
-
Profefor Gmelin’s Linnz's Syftema Nature. e31
of the former is erroneous; for longioribus muft be read brevi-
oribus. :
Page 551. Ornithogalum crenulatum of Linn, Suppl. and Cemtbe-
gm unifolium of Retzius, I take to be the fame.
Page 556. Leontice leontopetaloides is certainly the fame as, p. 767. JE
Tacca pinnatifida. |
Page 558. Dracæna bles of Thunberg is the fame as,
p. 588. Medeola afparagoides.
Page 561. Hyacinthus lanatus is the fame as, p. 560. Argolafia
of Juffieu, or Lanaria plumofa of Hort. Kew. —
Phormium bulbiferum of Cirillo is the fame as, p. 532. Lachenalia
pendula of Hort. Kew.
Page 562. Aletris japonica of Thunberg, in Nova Aca Societa-
tis Scientiarum Upfalienifié, is the fame as, p. 565. Hemerocallis ja-
ponica of Thunber gs Flora japonica. -
390. Firela J a of Aublet is before taken up, in p. 11.
for Swartz prodr. under the name of Myriftica Je ifera.
Page 573. Achras falicifolia occurs before in p. 398, under
Swartz's name of Bumelia falicifolia.
Page 579. Bambus, Bambos of Retzius, Datua of Schreber,
is probably the fame genus as, p. 580. Nafus of Juffieu.
Page 580. Man/ana arborea, Manffanas of Sonnerat, is the fame
as Rhamnus Fujuba, p. 401. See Lamarck in Act. Soc. Hift. Nat.
Parif. 1. p. 83.
Page 587. Wurmbea capenfis of Thunberg is the famen as, p- 588.
Melanibium monopetalum of Linn. Suppl.
Page 596. Dracontium cordatum of Aublet i is the fame as, p. 276,
Pothos macrophylla of Swartz.
Page 609. Heinzia of Scopoli is Coumaroung of Auble , p. 1084.
ET Tongo of 'Gærtner,
Portefia
232 Mr. DRYANDER s Remarks on
. Portefia ovata of Cavanilles is the fame as, p. 679. Trichilia pallida
of Swartz.
Page 610.- Trigonis tomentofa of Jacquin, and Cupania tomentofa
of Swartz, are the fame.
. Page 611. Euphoria of Juflieu, p. 612. Scytalia of Gertner, and,
(p. 635, Litchi of Sonnerat, are the fame genus; and if the Editor
by Euphoria finenfis means the Litchi, they are all the fame fpe-
cies; but as M. Juffieu mentions both -Litchi and Longan as fpe-
cies of his genus of Euphoria, I cannot poflibly guefs which of the
the two the Editor meant. In a future edition of the Syftema
Vegetabilium we may expect this famous Chinefe fruit to make a
fourth genus, under Loureiro's name of Dimocarpus.
Molnæa of Commerfon and Juffieu is the fame genus as, p. 610.
Cupania. See Lamarck in A&. Soc. Hift. Nat. Parif. 1. p. 84.
M. Lamarck makes in the fame place an obfervation relative to the.
Jambolifera pedunculata, p. 613. that it is icofandrous, and not ge.
nerically different from Eugenia. The Jambolana of Rumphius
certainly belongs to the clafs Icofandria, and ftridly fpeaking to
the genus of Calyptranthes of Swartz; but the plant which Linné
deferibed, from Hermann's herbarium, in Flora Zeylanica, n. 1395
under the name of Jambolifera, is a very different plant, no-
ways related to the family of Myrti. Mr. Schumacher was the firft
who pointed out to me the true Jambolifera pedunculata Linn. in
Sir Jofeph Banks's herbarium, fent by Dr. Koenig under the name
of Myrtus cumini, octandra monogyna, flore infero; and he in-
formed me, that Profeffor Rottboell had compared this plant,
fent to him by Dr. Koenig under the fame name, with the Ípeci-
men of Jambolifera pedunculata in Hermann's herbarium, now in
the poffeffion of Count Moltke, and found them to be the fame.
The only way I can account for this confufion is to fuppofe that
: in
— €————— — . "—————— P
agrees tol erab y"
Profefor Gmelins Linné’s Syflema Nature. 233
in Hermann’s herbarium, the tickets of Madan and Ankænda had
by fome accident been changed, and Linné thereby induced to give
the name of Jambolifera to Ankænda, believing it to be the tree
which bears the Jamboloins of Acofta. Dr. Koenig again, who
Íeems to have made out the plants in Linn. Fl. Zeylan. almoft en-
tirely by the Cingalefe names, fent this plant by the name of Myrtus
cumini, as the name of Ankænda is in Fl. Zeylan. afcribed to Myr-
tus, n. 185. (cumini) ; ; and hefent the Jambolana (Madan Cingal.)
under the name of Jambolifera pedunculata. The fruit of An-
kaenda is defcribed by Dr. Gærtner under the name of Cyminofma;
but his firft fpecies, tab. 58. fig. a—H, cannot be the fame with Dr.
Koenig's, as the petals are nearly of the fame length with the calyx:
the other fpecies, which Gartner defcribes with petals three times
nf " Mal. 5. tab. 15. Eve figure
— s fpecimen in regard to flowers
and leayes, and as to fruit with Gertner, tab, 58. fig 7. For further
‘elucidation of this genus, which has been the fubject of fo much
confufion, I take the liberty of introducing here, from Koenig's.
manuicripts vol. 17. p. 189 (in Sir Jofeph Banks's library), his de-
{cription of the flower, made in Ceylon from the living plant.
** Calyx tetraphyllus : foliola orbicularia,. patentiffima, glabra, vi-
ridia, longitudine vix bafin floris æquantia: duo minora. Petala
quatuor, lanceolata, patenti-recurvata, canaliculata, acuta, fubun-
guiculata, viridi-albicantia, floribus Pavettæ fimillima habitu & `
magnitudine. Flamenta.o&to, alterna. receptaculo, alterna petalo-
rum bafi adnata, patentia, lanceolato-linearia, plana. bafi pilofa,
petalis breviora.& concolora. Authere oblongz, verfatiles. Ger-
men, ne&ario carnofo, clevato, oétangulari, piloio, luteo adnatum,
ovatum, tomentofum, Stylus erectus, glaber, ftaminibus brevior,
Voz. II. Hh | vuridis..
234 + Mr. DRYANDER’S Remarks on
viridis. Stigma fubcapitato-conicum, glabrum, fulculis nota=
tum." :
The four ftamina, which alternate with the petals, have no
doubt been taken for petals by Dr. Gartner, who counts eight
petals perfiftent below the fruit.
. Page 614. -Amyris ambrofiaca, and, p. 619, Icica beplapbylla, are
the fame; and the fame figure of Aublet is quoted for both.
Page 615. Bineétaria of Forfkahl is the fame as Mimufops Kauki
(mifprinted Kanki), p.612. See Vahl, fymb. I. p. 27.
Page 618. Mindium of Juflieu, and Michauxia nova, Michauxia
campanuloides of L'Heritier and Hort. Kew. are the fame.
Page 629. Heymaffoli of Aublet is the fame genus as Ximenia,
p. 615. See Jufl. gen. 260, and Lamarck in Act. Soc. Hift. Nat.
Paris, I. p. 84 Heymaffoli fpinofa is probably not different from
Ximenia americana; the fpecimen in Aublet’s own herbarium,
now in the poffefflion of Sir Jofeph Banks, is fo bad, that nothing
can be inferred from it; but in a better fpecimen, collected by Mr. -
Alex. Anderfon in the Dutch Guiana, and fent under Aublet’s
name, I can find no diftinguifhing marks. Of Heymaffoli inermis
is no fpecimen in Aublet’s herbarium, and as there is no figure
and no defcription of it, it is truly an unknown plant.
_ Page 633. Quivifia of Juffieu is the fame genus as Quivifia of
Cavanilles, which the Editor has taken up under the name of
Gilibertia, p. 682. |
- Page 634. Pafferina ciliata, as it now ftands in Reichards's edi-
tion of the Syftema Plantarum, contains at leaft three different
plants. As there is no fpecimen in Linné’s herbarium with this
name, the plant which he meant can only be afcertained by
Clifford’s herbarium, from which he originally defcribed it. On
. examining this herbarium, I found on the paper which reprefents
5 ! | Paffe-
m c
Profeffor Gmelins Linné’s Syflema Nature. 235
Pafferina 2. Hort. Cliff. four different Cape plants pafted; but
the one to which the defcription in Hort. Cliff. applies, is Struzhiola
virgata, p. 277. Linné adds to his defcription, Me hic dubia
propofuiffe fynonyma Leétorem moneo, ob figuras & defcriptiones
imperfectas" Among thefe doubtful fynonyms i is the Sanamunda I.
Clufii, on whofe authority Spain is given as the native place of
this plant; this wrong fynonym and falfe locus natalis have no
doubt led the Spaniíh botanifts to look for Paffeiina ciliata in their
country. The fpecimen in Sir Jofeph Banks’s herbarium, fent
from Spain by Profeffor Ortega, under this name, has not properly
ciliated leaves, but they are thinly covered with hairs. If Rauwolf’s.
plant in Gronovii Flora Orientalis iš the fame as the Spanifh plant,
can only be determined by thofe who have an opportunity of ex-
amining Rauwolf’s herbarium at Leyden. Bergiuss plant is from
the dafciipnon oyide different from either of the aboye men-
tioned. — NE PRES EN E EM UE RD OEY ee ne tam À ;
Paferina Meinan of Forfkahl (mifprinted Metkan) is Pafferina
birfuta. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 29.
Page 635. Tondim of Schilling is Paulinia pinnata, p. 642.
Hh 2 XVIIL Re-
{236 Qc
XVIII. Remarks on Centaurea folftitialis and C. melitenfis. By Fame
Edward Smith, M. D. FOR. SP; LS.
RSS Read October 2, 1792.
$
s plant intended by Mr. Hudfon in his Flora Anglica; edis
tion 2, p. 377, by the name of Centanrea Joffitralis, has nes
ver been well aícertained. ]t is faid in Ray’s Synopfis to have
been found, by Mr. Bobart, about hedges in the neighbourhood of
. Cirencefter in Gloucefterfhire; and Mr. Hud/on adds Northfleet in
Kent as another place of its growth, probably from his own
knowledge, as he quotes no auth ority.
- What is commonly preferved in our Englifh gardens and her-
bariums under the name of Centaurea Joffitials, and taken for the
plant of Ray and Hudfon, I difcovered, on receiving the Linnean
herbarium, to be the C. melitenfis of our great mafter, I always,
from that time, fought every
_ the two fpecies ought really to be confidered as belonging to our
Englifh Flora, but long without fuccefs, having never been able
to fce any undoubtedly wild fpecimens.
When in Languedoc, in the winter of 1786, I there gathered
_ the Linnean C. folfiitialis, and brought its feeds to the garden of
I my
opportunity of determining which of -
Dr. Suirnu' Remarks, &c. 237
my worthy friend, Dr. Gwyn, at Ipfwich, where feveral of the
plants came up and flowered. "This fpecies was never, to the beft
of my knowledge, feen in an Englifh garden before, at leaft not in
modern times.
On vifiting Mr. Crowe, F. L. S. at Lakenham, this fummer,
he to my great furprize fhewed me a recent wild fpecimen of the
real C. J/flitialis, gathered by himfelf in a grafly field at Arminghall,
about two miles from Norwich, in a gravelly foil, where he affured
me he had obferved it for feveral years undoubtedly wild. Mr.
Crowe himfelf did not confider this as a very important diícovery,
not recollecting that there was any difference betweén the plant
he had gathered at Arminghall, and that we uíed to have in our
gardens about Norwich ten or twelve years ago, the two fpecies
being indeed much alike at firft fight. If indeed they had been
the fame, it might have been fuppofed that feeds had efcaped from
a garden, and planted themfelves, or been intentionally fown, in the
field above mentioned. But as the true C. /2/////1s has never been
in any garden, in this neighbourhood at leaft, except Dr. Gwyn’s
‘forty miles diftant, and that not till the year 1788, I have no doubt
that this fpecies is really wild at Arminghall. Whether it may
have been in former times introduced among corn from abroad, I
cannot tell; it now grows among fhort grafs, with all the appear-
ance of a wild plant; nor are the farmers here in the habit of im-
porting feed from abroad.
It remains therefore to be examined whether C. melitenfis be like-
wife a native of our ifland or not. Perhaps the old herbariums
in the Britifh Mufeum may throw fome light on this fubject*, or
the places of growth mentioned by Ray and Hudfon may ftill af-
ford the plant they intended.
* I have fince examined them without obtaining any pofitive fatisfaction.
238 Dr. SurTH' Remarks, &c.
The two fpecies are eafily diftinguithed by the following marks +
C. folftitialis has the lobes of the leaves acute, and efpecially the
terminal one, which is perfectly deltoid. The fcales of the calyx
are each terminated by a very ftrong pale yellow fpine, half an
inch in length, accompanied by feveral fmaller ones. iv.
C. melitenfis on the contrary has all the lobes of its leaves rounded,
and the terminal one remarkably fo, and perfectly blunt, even re-
tufe. The calyx is fringed with fmall brownifh fpines, of which
the longeft is not above one-third the length of C. /oljitials. — Both
fpecies have bright yellow flowers.
The figure in Gerarde's Herbal, the fecond edition, p. r166, is.
added by Johnfon, and reprefents the true C. ifitial: very well.
Norwich, Sept. 28.
1792.
XIX. De-
(.:239;.-)
—- XIX. Degfeription of Fucus Jur By Thomas Fenkinfon
Ei Woodwaïrd, Efq. F. L. S.
Read Oci. 2, 1792.
'FUCUS DASYPHYLLUS. Tas. 23, f. 1.
F. fronde cartilagineà ramofiffimà ; ramis filiformibus fubfimpli- -
cibus, foliis cylindricis obtufis bafi attenuatis fparfis.
Deft. HE frons is bright red, cartilaginous, but confiderably
gelatinous and tender, pellucid, from four to fix inches :
high ; divided immediately from the root, which is not fibrous but
difcoid, into very numerous branches; thefe are either fimple or again
flightly branched, filiform, the fize of fmall pack-thread, termi-
nating in a blunt point. The lower part of the branches nearly
naked; the upper clothed, but not very thickly, with leaves
growing without order, from one to four lines long, and about
half a line broad, the longeft below, and growing gradually fhorter
as they approach the upper part of the branch; cylindrical, termi-
nating in a blunt point, and very much attenuated towards their
infertion ; in fubftance very tender and gelatinous, of a paler red
than the branches, and fometimes tinged with green. Some of
thefe
240 Mr. Woonwanp' Defeription
thefe leaves are proliferous, having others more minute growing :
from their fides.
The fruétification confifts of minute feffile tubercles, numerous,
but placed without order on the lower part of the principal
branches, and fometimes, but rarely, on the leaves; dark red, fo
{mall as {carcely to be diftinguifhed by the naked eye, unlefs the
plant be moiftened, but eafily difcernible with a common eye-
| glafs.
The whole plant has fomewhat of a granulated appearance,
which, added to the gelatinous nature of the frons, has occafion-
ed it to be fuppofed an Ulva; but this appearance is fallaci-
ous, the granulations under the microfcope proving to be no-
thing more than the fubftance of the frons, in this refpect
agreeing. with Fucus rubens, which fubmitted to the fame exami-
nation has a fimilar appearance.
This A/ga was firft found a few years fince, wafhed up by the
tide at Yarmouth, by Mr. L. Wigg, an affociate of this Society ;
and was then pronounced, by a highly refpectable botanift, to be
the Ulva, filiformis of Hudfon ; but it does not accord with the Ípe-
cific chara&er of that plant in the Flora Anglica, and whether
it be at all defcribed in that work feems very doubtful At any
rate the fructification, confifting of diftin& tubercles +
projecting from the fubftance of the frons, fufficiently pont it out
to be a Fucus. E |
.. Its place in the Syftem is next to Fucus valis (Fl. Ang.), which,
in the fubftance of the frons, and form and difpofition of the
. leaves, it confiderably refembles, confequently in the fubdivifion,
* fokis diflinétis ? but as it is evident that both thefe plants have
feiby leaves, not differing in fubftance from the reft of the frons,
they
otally
NE Aa 2a. Jo. Ber.
JU TETE ETE E eo. ee S .
of Fucus dafyphyllus. 241
they ought rather perhaps to be placed in the fubdivifion * fronde
tereti.
ExcLisH NAME. Thick-leaved Fucus. Duration. ?
Has. Cromer on tbe coaft of Norfolk.—The fruétification firft dif-
covered by Mr. Wigg, on a fpecimen found on the beach at Yar-
mouth in June 1792.
Tas. 23.
Fig. 1, reprefents the whole plant.
2, a branch in fructification.
3, the fame magnified.
Vor. IL Ii XX. The
(242 )
XX. The Characters qfi wo Species of Oxalis. By Richard ‘Anthony
Salfburÿ, Efq. F. R. S.. and F, L. S.
Read Odi. 2, 1792
N making a catalogue of the plants in my garden, having had
lately occafion to inveftigate feveral Oxalides, the refult of my
enquiries refpeéting two fpecies, which many botanifts have
thought only varieties, may poflibly be interefting enough to be:
laid before the Linnean Society.
OXALIS AMBIGUA. Tas 23 f.4
O. caule repente; folis 5-natis; petiolis. /emiteretibus, ex/lipulatis y
laminis emarginatis: corolla laciniis obovatis. integerrimis +. ftylis
altitudine filamentorum longiorum,, patulis.
Oxalis corniculata. Berg. Phyt. v. 2. b 17. cum Ic. Oxalis comi
culata. n m Fl, Dan. fafc. x5. $- 4.f. 873. Oxalis ftricta;.
à Linn, Sp. Pl, ed. 2. p. 624. Oxys lutea americana, DiM. Hort.
` Elh. P 209. t. 221. f. 4, |
| THOUGH the primary ítems of this plant in fome de-
gree anfwer to the definition which Linné has given of the term
A. : ffricius,
Mr. SacisBurY's Second Species of Oxalis, M3
frifus, yet the branches, which break out near the root, dre ĉon-
ftantly creeping, as in the following— There is, however, even in
this refpect, an obvious difference between them to the cye, but
it is not eafy to be concifely exprefled in botanic language; and
fortunately there is no neceflity to have recourfe to it for a fpe-
cific character.
OXALIS PUSILL A. Tas..23. £. 5
O. caule repente: foliis 3-natis; petiolis teretiufculis, bafi fipulatis; a-
minis emarginatis: corollz laciniis obcunesformibus, apice erofulis :
ftylis vix altitudine filamentorum longiorum, faftigiatis.
Oxalis corniculata. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 2. p. 623. "Trifolium ace-
tofum corniculatum. —Baub. Pin. p. 330. Oxys flavo flore.
Cluf, Hif. Pl, lib. 6. p. 248. cum Lc.
-= THE older botanifts, regarding this plant as a fpecies of Trifolium,
gave it the fpecific epithet of corniculatum, from the figure of the
feed-vefiel, which in the prefent improved ftate of the fcience is
very indefinite, being equally applicable to the whole genus.
Above are all the (ynonyms I dare at prefent fay certainly belong
toit. It is perennial, but liable to be deftroyed by fevere froft, and
always of much dwarfer growth than the former. I received the
Íceds. of it from Spam, and it is alfo found wild occafionally in De-
vonfbire ; a certain proof of the mildnefs of that climate, where many
other fouthern plants occur, fuch as Pinguicula lufitanica, Sibthorpia
europea, Lobelia urens, and Erica vagans, This circumftance, together -
with that of the Arbutus Uedo and Andromeda Dabeocit, which laft
grows alfo in Tenerife, being found wild in Zre/azd, feems to
ftrengthen the conjecture, that fome violent- concuffion of the
132 globe
244- Mn. Sarissur vs Second Species of Oxalis,
globe has formerly removed. thefe plants from warmer latitudes.
The {oil in which the above-mentioned plants feverally are:
found, and the ftruéture of their feeds, render it exceeding im
probable that the fea fhould have tranfported thems. To: fue-
ture geologifts, who. may have other data to afcertaim fo: very
doubtful a matter, poflibly the facts recorded by the. humble:
botanifts of the prefent age may be of no fmall confequence;.and:
ferve, among many others, to refcue their labours. from. that re-
proach of inutility which is. too. often thrown. upon them. by. thofe:
who. are foolifh..
XXI, Des
( 245 )
XXL Defeription of a New Species of Warbler, called the Wood Wren,
obferved in May 1792. By Mr. Thomas Lamb, A. L. Ss
Read Nov. 6, 1792..
HE length is five inches and a half; bill horn-colour; up--
per mandible bent at the tip, and rather longer than the
under; irides hazel; noftrits befet with briftles; top of the head,.
neck, back and tail coverts. olive-green ; throat and cheeks yel-
low, paler on. the. breaft ;; belly and. vent of a moft beautiful
filvery. white; through: the eye paffes.a yellow line; wings and
coverts brown, edged with green; the tail confifts of twelve fea-
thers, rather forked, and of a brown colour, edged with green on
the: exterior webs, and with white on the interior, the firft feae
ther wanting the green edge; under part of the fhoulder bright
yellow; legs rather more than an inch long, of a. —
claws paler.
This is undoubtedly a new fpecies in England, and I believe a
non-defcript: it inhabits. woods, and. comes with the reft of the
fummer warblers, and in manners is much the fame, running up
and down trees in fearch of infects.
I heard it firft, early in May, in Whitenight’s Park, near Read--
ing; it was there hopping about on the upper branch of a very
High pine, and having a very fingular and fingle note, it attracted
my attention, being very much like that of the Emberiza Miliaria:
(Linn.), but fo aftonifhingly fhrill that I heard it at more than a
hundred yards diftance: this it repeated once in three or four
minutes,
I never.
246 = Mr. Laws's Defeription, &c.
I never heard thefe birds before laft fpring, and neverthelefs
I have heard nine in the courfe of a month; four in Whitenight's
Park, and five in my tour to the Ifle of Wight, viz. one ina = at
Stratfield Sea, one at Eaft-Strattoù Park, two in the New Foreft,
and one in a wood near Highclere: I have not heard it fince
‘June 6. Colonel Montague informed me he had met with it in
Wiltthire, and had called it the Wood Wren; it has alfo been
heard near Uxbridge. |
Jt differs from the Motacilla Hippolait (Linn.), in being much
larger, of a finer green colour on the upper parts, and more beau-
tiful white beneath; alfo in the yellow ftreak paffing through the
. eye, which in the Hippolais pafles above and below the eye. It
differs alfo from the Motacilla Trochilus (Linu,), in being larger,
and white on the under parts, which are yellow in the Trochilus.
The three which I opened were all males: I fhall fill continue
my refearches for the female with the neft and eggs; and if I
fhould at any time meet with them, I fhall with pleafure fubmit
my obfervations to the Linnean Society.
Tas. 24. exhibits the Wood Wren of its natural fize.
r
XXI. O4-
LI
.
"ires, I Ciné. 24. A. 246-
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were.
P
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Lees
ose MI.
XXII. MNA upon the Struélure and Aes of thofe Inteftinak
Worms called Tenie.. By Mr. Anthony Carlifle, F. L. S.
Read des 6, 1792.
*H E following obfervations are offered to the Linnean ~
Society, as an attempt to explain the mechanifm and sé
fiolovy of a very fimply-conftruéted animal.
How far fuch ini will afhft in eftablifhing that ar-
'angement of Nature's works which Linnæus has planned, or
how far thofe enquiries y aM i in fixing doubtful. connections, -
this Society are beft able to determine *.
- The habits and manners of Zane are little known, becaufe they
live in fituations where they cannot be obferved, and therefore
only become the fubjeéts of examination when they are removed
out of their natural fituations, or after the death of the animal in.
whofe body they have lived. £
The Tenia, as well as many other worms that inhabit the bodies
of living animals, appear deftined to feed upon the juices.of thofe
animals. which are already animalized; they are confequently
found in the alimentary canal, and ufually at the upper part of it;
* I cannot-omit publicly acknowledging my great obligations to Mr. Watfon, Mr.
Hunter, and. Dr. Baillie, for their liberality and friendthip in permitting me to examine
and make drawings from the worms in their refpective collections.
where
248 Mr. CARLISLE’s Obfervations
where there is the greateft abundance of chyle, which feems to
be the natural food of Tenia. (
. It does not appear that Tew are calculated to live in any
other fituations than living animal fubftances. — That thefe
worms fhould be created for the purpofe of producing difeafe in
the animal which they inhabit, is abfurd; it would rather feem
. that nature has not intended any fituation to be vacant, where it
was poffible to carry on the work of multiplying the fpecies of
living beings. By allowing them to live within each other, the
fphere of increafe is confiderably enlarged. "There is however little
doubt that worms, and more efpecially the Zeniz, do fometimes
produce difeafed ftates of the bodies which they inhabit; and we
are alfo well affured, that worms do exift abundantly in many
animals without at all difturbing their fun&ions, or annoying them.
in the fmalleft degree. -
Some difeafed ftates of animal bodies are highly favourable to
the increafe of worms; as dropfy to that of hydatids, and the
rot in fheep to that of the Fa/ciola hepatica, &c. But, in thefe in-
ftances, worms are rather to be confidered as concomitants of dif-
eafes, than a fource of them.. When Zzziz have arrived at fome
confiderable growth, it appears that they always produce difeafed
affe&ions. With refpe& to the probable duration of thefe animals
lives, Mr. Hunter has given me permiffion to make the following
extracts from a very curious nior of a Tenia which is preferved
in his collection.
« Marian Burgoïn, a native of Laufanne in Switzerland, at the
age of fourteen years, was affected with pains in her ftomach and
head, rigors, &c.; thefe fymptoms continued and were gradually
. increafed, At the age of nineteen fhe came to England, and was
. Advifed to take purging medicines, by which fhe voided a portion
-of Tenia lata. She continued for fome years to take draftic purges,
a and
è
upon tbe Stru&lure and Oeconomy of Tania. 249
and repeatedly voided portions of this Tenia, which were generally
about two yards in length; fhe voided, at different times, twelve
of thefe pieces, but none of them had that extreme joint which
is confidered to be the head. About eight years after her coming
to England, fhe took the Switzerland medicine, and afterwards the
head, together with a large portion of this animal’s body, were
evacuated; fhe then perfectly recovered her health. From the
foregoing hiftory it is probable that the head of this Tenia
had exifted for the fpace of twelve or thirteen years; or if fhe
had voided a head previous to her arrival in this country, we may
ftill fuppofé the prefent animal to have lived eight years, becaufe
during this laft period the hiftory was accurately and attentively
preferved.” i
It is a curious circumftance in the ačcount of this woman,
that {he was confiderably relieved from all her uneafy fymptoms
after voiding each portion of this Twa; but in the courfe of three
wecks they always returned as before, and were not alleviated until
fhe voided another portion. May we not account for this by fup-
pofing that the body of the Tenia was gradually regenerated, after
each piece, which we have mentioned, had been broken off; and
that the fymptoms returned and kept pace with the growth of
the worm; its extenfion along the alimentary canal, and its
attachments there, proving a fource of irritation proportioned to
its length ?
There appearsto be a feries of diftinét fpecies of Tæmiæ,each having
its peculiar animal, like the Pediculi and Acari. The fpecies of Tene
are however not confined //sg/y to particular animals. Men are fub-
je& to feveral different fpecies of them; and even the people of par-
` ticular countries and climates are fubject to particular fpecies of
Tente. The people of England have the Tania Solum, and rarely
Voz. Il. K k any
250 Mr. CARLISLE’ Obfervations
any other fpecies. The people of Switzerland have the Tama
lata, &c.
The ftructure of Zezz is very fimple, for, being intended to be
nourifhed by already digefted food, they are deflitute of the com-
plicated organs of digeftion.
The Tenia Solum of Linnzus is the animal which I intend to de-
fcribe particularly; but other fpecies, and other fimilar worms, will
be taken notice of, by way of illuftration.- |
This animal is compofed of a head, in which is a mouth adapted:
to drink up fluids, and an apparatus for giving the head a fixed:
fituation. The body is compofed of a great number .of ditin
pieces, articulated together, each joint having an organ whereby
itattaches itfelf to the neighbouring part of the inner coat of the:
inteftine. The joints neareft the head are always fmall, and. they
become gradually enlarged as they are farther removed from it; but
towards the tail a few of.the laft joints again become diminithed,
in fize. The extremity of the body is terminated by a fmall
femicircular joint, which has no opening in it. i
* Fhe external parts of this animal are clothed with a fine mem.
brane refembling cuticle; immediately under which there is æ
thin layer of fibres, lying parallel to each other, and running in the
direction of the length of the animals body: thefe fibres arife
from a denfe, white, opake line of fubftance, which connects the:
individual joints together; and the layer of fibres, having clothed’
both the flatted fides of the joint, 1s inferted into the fame kind o£
ligamentous fubftance which conneéts the next fucceeding joints.
together.
- The motions of this animal’s body are always in the direction of
thefe fibres, and from hence we may conclude that they perform:
the office of muícles It may be worthy of remark, that thefe:
Tui : | fibres.
upon tbe Structure and Oeconomy of Tanie. PAT
fibres are not at all vafcular, which fhews that the actions of
mufcles are not neceffarily connected with vafcularity.
The head of this animal is compofed of the fame kind of
materials as the other parts of its body; it has a rounded opening’
at its.extremity, which is confidered to be its mouth. See TAB. 25.
fig. 1, 2. This opening is continued by a fhort duét into two canals;
thefe canals país round every joint of the animal's body, and con-
vey the aliment, fig. 3. Surrounding the opening of the mouth
are placed a number of projecting radii, which are of a fibrous
texture, whofe direction is longitudinal. Thefe radii appear to ferve
the purpofe of tentacula for fixing the orifice of the mouth, as
well as that of mufcles to expand the cavity of the mouth, from
their being inferted along the brim of that opening: fee fig. 2.
After the rounded extremity or head has been narrowed into
the neck, as is reprefented in fig. 2, the lower part becomes
flatted, and has two fmall tubercles placed upon each flatted fi de;
the tubercles are concave in the middle, and appear deftined to
ferve the purpofe of fuckers for attaching the head more effeétu-
ally. "The internal ftru&ure of the joints compofing the body
of this animal, is partly vafcular, and partiy cellular; the fub-
ftance itfelf is white, and fomewhat refembles in its texture the
coagulable lymph of the human blood. The alimentary canal
pañlés along each fide of the animal, fending a crofs canal over the
bottom of each joint, which connects the two lateral cina Eod
ther. See fig. 3. | ;
I have ots infa three feet in length of thefe canals with’
coloured fize, by a fingle pufh with a frail fyringe. The injec-
tion will not however pafs from below upwards along thefe canals;
Icould never make it go in this direction. beyond two joints, and
it appeared to be ftopped by valves in the lateral canals, fituated
K-k 2 : immediately
252 Mr. CARLISLE s Obfervations
immediately below the places where the crofs canels are fent off.
The alimentary canal, as it is here defcribed, is continued into the
extreme joint, where it becomes impervious, there being no opening
analogous toan anus. 'The individual joints have each a vaícular
ftruéture occupying the middle part (fee fig. 4.), which is,com-
pofed of a canal pafling from the top of the joint to the bottoms
and from its fides are fent off a number of lateral canals nearly at
right angles; thefe veffels contain a fluid like milk, which is alfo:
globular, and after the death of the animal it is found coagulated..
When injecting this middle vafcular ftru&ure, I have, often made
the injection pafs into the alimentary canals, by a number of very
Ímall openings; but could never, on the contrary, inject the cen-
tral veffels from the alimentary canals; it would feem as if there
were a valvular apparatus fixed at the outer extremities of thofe
radiated canals. The remaining part of the body is compofed of
a cellular fubftance.
The mechanifm of thofe parts of this animal which are fubfer-
vient to its fubfiftence being now defcribed, it remains for us to
take a general view of the manner in which the animal is nou-
rifhed. |
The materials compofing even the moft fimple animals not being
permanent, but fuffering continual wafte and growing unfit for
their purpofes, it becomes neceflary to replenifh this wafte by tak-
ing fubftances into their, bodies, called food; and this food after-
wards becomes a part of the folids of the animal. The food
which Teenie feed upon, perhaps requires little change before it.
becomes a part of the animal’s body. It is taken in by the orifice
which we have called the mouth, and being propelled into the
alimentary canal, it 1s made to vifit, in a general way, every part of
the animal's body.
The
upon the Structure and Oeconomy of Tenia. - 253
The central ftruéture of veffels placed in each joint feems calcu-
fated to abforb the fluid from the alimentary canal, for the imme-
diate purpofe of fuftaining and repairing the parts of the body in
their vicinity, which is probably done by depofition, but there
ftill remains a great deal of cellular fubftance into which no veffels
enter*, Such parts of the bodies of thefe animals are poflibly
nourifhed by tranfudation of the alimentary fluid into their cells,
or it may be effected by the capillary attraction of their fibres.
lt appears that there are animals totally deftitute of vafcularity,
as {ome fpecies of Hydatids, Polypi, &c. in which tranfudation of
fit matter, or capillary attraction by their fibres, feems to be the
only fource of nourifhment. As Tæmæ have no excretory ducts,
the decayed parts of their bodies are, moft likely, diffolved into a
fluid which tranfudes through the fkin like perfpiration, and with.
their purpofes. I have never feen any thing refembling brain or
nerves in the Tæwæ; but as they are highly fenfible to ftimuli, it is
moft reafonable to conclude, that they have a confiderable portion
of nervous matter in the compofition of their bodies, that is, of fuch
matter as is fufceptible of ftimuli. Indeed we can hardly conceive
how any animal can exift without fuch matter in its compofi-
* The Tenia feems to be one of the moft fimple vafcular animals in nature, and its
central tructures of veflels appear to be more like refervoirs for the nutritious fluid,
than circulating veffels,. for the contained fluid can only be pufhed out of one canal.
into another, and even then it will not have vifited all the parts of the animals body.
Probably this kind of conftruétion enables thefe animals to live for a confiderable time
without food, which their fituation and imperfe& form may render neceflary. As this
animal has no anus, it would appear that the whole of its alimentary fluid is fit for
nourifhment, and that no part of it is excrementitious.
8. te na
254 3 - Mn. CARLISLE' Obfervations
-
tion*. Teenie have no particular organs of fenfe; the fenfe of touch
istherefore the only evident fource of intelligence which they poffefs.
"The mode of increafe or propagation of thefe animals appears
to be principally by ova. Linnæus and many other naturalifts
{peak confidently of the ova of Z«wiz, mentioning their fhape,
fize, &c.; but I have never feen any thing like eva, which I could
decidedly fay belonged to thefe animals, excepting fome globular
bodies, which I faw by a powerful magnifying glafs, in the ducis
that open into the lateral ofcula; fee fig. 6. ‘There is every reafon
to believe that Tæniæ produce ova, and that their ova, as well as thofe
of other inteftinal worms, are fo conftruéted as to be very little pe-.
ruhable. From this circumftance they may país along the cir-
culating veffels of other animals, without having their lives de-
ftroyed. We cannot eafily explain the plidbostena of worms be-
ing found in the eggs of fowls, and in the inteftines of a foetus
before birth, except by fuppofing their ova to have paffed through
the circulating vefléls of the mother, and by this means been con-
veyed to the foetus..
The openings in the edge of each joint — the body of
the Tenia Solium, are fometimes placed alternately on the oppofite
fides, and at other times are placed on the fame fide for three, four,
or even five fucceflive joints. Thefe openings, which have been called
ofcula, are little concave, fhallow cups, formed by the projection
of the furrounding edges, which are thickened like lips; at the
bottom of thefe cups there is a {mall opening leading into a canal,
* After I had written this effay, T learned that Mr. Hunter has entertained a fimilar
opinion to that which is now ftated, and which he applies to many of the lower tribes of
animals. I alfo underftand that he has adduced fomething fimilar to this in his le&ures ;
and as I have attended thofe lectures, I cannot fay that fuch hints (although at prefent
doit to my recollection) may not have given rife to the opinion here adduced.
7 which
upon tbe Structure and Oeconomy of Tania. 255
which croffes halfway over the body of the joint, and then turns
downwards; here it ends, and does not communicate with any
of the neighbouring veflels, as I have found by repeated injec-
tions. |
"The ufes of thefe ofcula feem firft to be that of fuckers or tenta-
cula, for attaching the long body of this animal to the inner coats.
of the inteftines; I have feen them ferving this office, and it ap-
pears that the external lips and cup are chiefly employed in it.
The fecond ufe of the ofcula appears to be fubfervient to gene-
ration; and the canals, fee fig. 6. feem to be the oviducts. Ina
Tenia of this fpecies, which I obtained before it was dead*, I ob-
ferved at one part where it had formed a knot upon itfelf, that
two pairs of thefe ofcula were in contact with each other, and were
agglutinated together by a vilcid mucus. I was not at that time
aware of the poflible RER of this conoci and neglected pre-
ferving them. ftate. I now fufpeé, er, that they were:
in the act of copulation, and thgt a mutual influence takes place
previous to the formation of ova. From hence it appears that
each joint is an individual, yet dependent upon the head and
other parts for its fubfiftence, the means of propagation being as
much in the power of every joint as it is in the power of a com-
mon fnail, which is an hermaphrodite.
The chance of an ovum being placed in a fituation where it
will be hatched, and the young find convenient fubfiftence, muft
be very {mall; hence the neceffity for their being fo prolific.
If they had the fame powers of being prolific which they now
have, and their ova were afterwards very readily hatched, then.
the: multiplication of thefe animals would be immenfe, and be-.
come à nuifance to the other parts of the creation.
* From a young woman in Hermitage-ftreet in the year 1789..
Another
256 : | Mr. CARLISLE' Obfervations
Another mode of increafe allowed to Tenia (if we may call it
increafe) is by an addition to the number of their joints. If we con-
fider the individual joints as diftinét beings, it is fo ; and when we
refle& upon the power of generation given to each joint, it makes
this conjecture the more probable. We can hardly fuppofe that
an ovum of a Tania, which at its full growth is thirty feet long,
and compofed of four hundred joints, contained a young Tena
compofed of this number of pieces; but I have feen young Tenia:
not half a foot long, and not poffeffed of fifty joints, and ftill were
éntire worms. We have alío many reafons to believe, that when
a part of this animalis broken off from the reft, it is capable of
forming a head for itfelf, and becomes an independent being. The
fimple conftruétion of the head makes its regeneration a much _
more eafy operation than that of the tails and feet of lizards,
which are compofed of bones and complicated veffels ; but this laft
operation has been proved by the experiments of Spallanzani and
many other naturaliíts.
I have feen a disjoined part of a Tenia, one of whofe extremities
had begun to put on the appearance of a head; the extyeme joint
had become rounded, and the broken end had affumed the form
of a deep cup, of which the margin was platted in a radiated man-
ner, and the furface of the torn ftump was much fmaller than it
muft have appeared when firft broken: Thefe circumftances cor-
. roborate the opinion of this fecond mode of increafe, and indeed
fomething very analogous is evident both in hydatids and in many
vegetables. In Dr. Hunter's collection there are hydatids which
= are found in cyfts of the liver, on whofe internal furface are vifible
_a number of {mall pearl-like veficles, which are attached to it; this
feems to be the mode of increafe peculiar to thefe bodies. Chains
of individuals having a mutual connection are very common in
. the vegetable kingdom: the common Mentha has a running root,
which
upon the Structure and Oeconomy of Tania. E 57
which ties together a number of plants that are in other refpeds
independent of each other: they become perfectly independent,
and continue their exiftence without any inconvenience, after thefe
connecting roots are divided ; in this circumftance there appears to
be fome analogy between thefe plants and the tape worm. In the
common potatoe there is a mode of increafe, by forming a number
of bulbs at the root, which is totally independent of fexual genera-
tion ; thefe bulbs become feparate individual plants after a year, and
are then independent of their parent. Something fimilar takes place
in the Tulip, and in the Sempervivum globiferum, where there is a
modeof increafe by forming clufters of leavesthat in time are pufhed
off by fucceeding leaves; thefe bulbs of leaves, having each a fmall
root, take hold of fome neighbouring earth, and become diftinét
beings: this natural operation is fomething like the artificial mode
of UE ogah be oag
| h teftinal worms produce a difeafed ftate of the animal's
body which thej RE abit, various romedies are itc for removing
them, many of which are ineffectual, and others very injurious by
the violence of their operation. Draftic purges feem to operate
upon zie, partly by irritating the external furface of their bodies,
fo as to make them quit their holds; and partly by the violent con-
tractions produced in the inteftine, which may fometimes divide the
bodies of Tæniæe, and even kill them by bruifing. I would here
propofe the trial of a fimple remedy, which (a priori) promifes to
be fuccefsful; I mean fmall fhocks of ele&ricity paífed frequently
through the regions of the abdomen ; the lives of the lower orders
of animals feeming to be cafily deftroyed by fuch fhocks of electri-
city as do not injure the larger and more perfect animals.
In Mr. Goeze’s very elaborate and important Hiftory of Worms,
he has reprefented many fpecies of Tania. The heads are drawn
very accurately, and elegantly engraved; but he has reprefented
Vor. IL L l the
258 Mr. CARLISLES Ob/érvations
the vafcular ftru&ure of Tenie to vary exceedingly in the different
joints of the fame animal: this is a miftake, and arifes from his
not having injected thofe veffels; but drawn them as they ap-
pear naturally. In this ftate the vefiels are feldom all filled with
the coagulated fluid, and thofe which remain empty are invifible:
thus, in proportion to the number and relative fituations of thofe
filled canals, the ftruéture will appear different; by injection,
however, I have found them to vary extremely little in the differ-
ent joints of the fame animal.
In another inftance Mr. Goeze appears to be miftaken; he fup-
pofes the lateral ofcula to be connected by a du& with the middle
ftructures of veffels. I have found, by repeated careful injections,
that this never happens. Mr. Goeze feems alío to have taken the
middle ftru&ures of veffels for ovaria or oviducts, and has accord-
ingly defcribed the globules in the fluid which they contain as the
ova: but this fluid being found coagulated after the animal's death
makes it appear much more of the nature of blood, and, befides, I
have feen it tinged with bile. In the delineations of the heads of
Tenia, in Mr. Goeze's book, he has exhibited the fimbriæ placed
round the mouths as evidently calculated to ferve the purpofe of
tentacula, in the Tenia Felis particularly. Vide Goeze Eingew,
pl. 24. fig. 3, 4.
Explanation of the Figures, TAB. 25.
THE drawings have been made from fuch portions of the worms
as appeared beft fuited to illuftrate their ftructure, more efpecially
the formation and funétions of thofe parts which feemed deftined
to ferve the purpofes of nourifhing the animal's body, and of pro-
creation. .
~
The
We atm ri Mte. 25, fe. 258.
Md ads
?
upon the Struciure and Oeconomy of. Tania. 259
The-different vafcular ftru&ures were in moft inftances injected,
and often difleted, to fhew more clearly the arrangement of thofe
veffels. ‘ |
The parts are in general reprefented of the bignefs which they
appear to the naked eye, when contained in bottles of fine fpirit.
The heads are in moft cafes drawn from views through a magni-
fying glafs. Reprefentations of the heads and ftruéture of other
fpecies are given by way of illuftration; and the Fafċiola hepatica,
fig. 17, is exhibited to fhew the great affinity (in ftructure) be-
tween that and Tenia. `
Fig. 1. Shews the head of the Tenia Solium magnified: at its
upper extremity it forms a circular plane, in the centre of which
is a round uc reprefented by the dark-fhaded circle; this
vir „the mouth, which leads by a duét into the lateral or .
Fea The mouth is furrounded by projecting radii,
whofe fibres run lengthways. From the extremity downwards there
is a rounded narrow part which may be called the neck, below
which it becomes flatted and broad, and two hollowed tubercles
appear upon each flatted fide; thefe are reprefented by the two
dark-fhaded fpots.
Fig. 2. Is the fame head, of its natural bignefs, and which be-
longed to a Tenia twenty feet in length. |
Fig. 3. Shews the alimentary canals, in a portion of the fame
Tenia, of their natural bignefs. The dark-fhaded undulating lines
are the alimentary canals, which are feen to their full extent in this
portion of the worm.
Fig. 4. Shews the middle fy fem of vefiels, in two joints, which
are reprefented by the dark lines.
Lla Fig. 5.
260 Mr. CanLrsrLE' Obfervations
Fig. &. Shews two joints, from one fide of which a flip was
torn down to fhew the veffels underneath, and alfo the direction of
the fibres in the flip, which are accumulated into little faíciculi
like mufcular fibres.
Fig. 6. Exhibits three joints, having the du&s leading from
the lateral ofcula imjeéted ; the dark tranfverfe lines leading from
each ofculum, thew the fize, direction, and extent of thefe du&s.
Fig. 7. Shews the edge of two joints turned forwards, and the
appearance of the ofcula in this point of view.
Fig. 8. Reprefents the whole of thefe canals in their relative
fituations.
Fig. 9. Exhibits a view of the head of a Tenia from the Dog*,
The head is bent upon the neck, and prefents a geometrical view
of its face, which is flat, and has four tubercles fituated at equal
diftances from each other; there are here two fets of radii fur-
rounding the mouth, the innermoft of which probably ferve to
open the mouth, whilft the outermoft a& as tentacula.
Fig. io. Is the fame head, of its natural fize.
Fig. 11. Is the head of a Teniat from the Cat, magnified.
Here the radii project beyond the circumference of the head, and
are aptly conftruéted for the purpofe of tentacula; the tubercles
are here four in number. |
Fig. 12. Shews a portion of the Tenia lata; the ofcula of which
are fituated in the middle of each joint. -
* ‘Tenia canina, Gmelin’s Syft. Nat. Linn.
+ Tenia Felis of Gmelin's edition of the Syftema Nature.
R Fig. 1%
upon the Siruëture and Oeconomy of Tania. 261
Fig. 13. Shews the lateral alimentary canals of the Tania lata,
which have no crofs canals, and the central veffels are of a ftar-like
form, and extend only into a {mall part of each joint.
Fig. 14. Is the tail-extremity of the Ten/a lata, which is defti-
tute of any aperture*,
Fig. 15. Is a Tenia from the Ox 1, having ofcula on each “es i
of each joint. In this figure are reprefented the lateral canals as
in the Tema lata; but the central veffels are formed by radiated
canals, which iffue from a middle canal, running tranfverfely over
each joint.
Fig. 16. Shews ducts TEN from the lateral SEO eic
terminate in little annular canals; in thefe canals I have feen fmall
opake absint bodies: this is a portion of the laft-defcribed
Fig. 17- "Tz GET. of the. ^ Fafcrols hepatica, found in
the bile-duéts of Sheep: the upper extremity is terminated by a
narrow neck, having an opening at its end; this opening is the
mouth. At the root of the neck is fhewn a tubercle with a trian-
gular cavity in it; this tubercle is partly for attaching the body
in different fituations, and partly for the purpofes of genera-
tion.
Fig. 18. Shews a duét leading from the mouth into a convo-
* I was favoured with the following account of a perfect Tenia lata, which is pre-
ferved in Mr. Watfon’s mufeum. The account is tranfcribed from his catalogue.
Mr. Tatifcheff, a Ruffian gentleman, had been long troubled with Tznie, and had
fometimes voided portions of them, but was never perfectly free from them until he ap-
plied to a noted woman in Switzerland, who gave him a medicine, with much parade
and fecrecy, at bedtime, and the next morning he voided the above-mentioned worm,
which he afterwards prefented to Mr. Watfon,
+ Tenia ovina, Gmelin. Syft. Nat. Linn.
S ou luted
262 Mn. CanL.ISLE' Odfervations, &c.
luted canal, which has much the appearance of inteftine: this
canal terminates in two veflels which are feen pafling down the
middle of the animal's body, and giving off a number of fmall
ramifications ; thefe pafs towards the edges of the body, where
they terminate, and the inje&ion pufhed by a fyringe into the
mouth fills the whole of thefe veílels. There is nothing like
an anus.
Fig. 19. Reprefents a du& leading from the triangular open-
ing in the tubercle: this duct is analogous to the oviduct of the
Tenia, and doubtlefs ferves the fame purpofe; it has no communi-
cation with the other veffels. -
XXII, A new
( 263 )
|
XXIII. 4 New Méhod of preferving Fungi, &c. By William -
WitherM:3; M. D. F, R. S. and FLL S.
Read Dec. 4, 1792.
p DROM a conviction. phat many of the difficulties attendant
upon the ftudy of the Agarics, and fome other genera of
Fungi, arofe from the want of a method of preferving them in a
ftate fit for comparifon one with another, I attempted fome years
ago to accomplifh this purpofe, by immerfing them in various
chemical liquids, and after fome trials found it poffible to preferve
their habit completely, and in fome meafure alfo their texture
and colours. By the fame methods I alfo found that Moffes and -
Lichens might be preferved in great perfection.
A continued attention to this fubje& gave rife to a great num-
ber of experiments; but I fhall not trouble the Society with the
detail of them, rather confining myfelf to a more particular de-
fcription of the two methods which I have found moft practicable
.and efficacious, and only curforily mentioning fome of thofe that
have failed.
No. I.
264 Dr. WirHERING’s New Method
No. I.
To half a pound of vitriol of copper, called blue vitriol, re-
duced to powder, add a pint of cold water: ftir them together for
a minute, and then throw away the water: upon the remaining
vitriol pour half a pint of boiling water, and ftir them frequently
until the liquor be nearly cool. Set it by in a warm place, for two
or three days, to cry ítallize. 3
Take any quantity of thefe cryftals, add to them as s much hot -
water as will barely diffolve them, and put the folution into
a vial. =
To two or three quarts of pure {pring Water, put as much of
this folution of blue vitriol as will give to the whole a very flight
bluifh tinge: then add to it, reétified fpirit of wine, in the pro-
portion of a pint toa gallon: filter the liquor through blotting
or cap paper, and put it into bottles for ufe, :
No. II.
Diffolve a quarter of an ounce of fugar of lead in a pint of di- :
| ftilled or very pure fpring water, made boiling hot ; add feven pints
of pure cold water, and one pint of rectified FE of wine: filter
the liquor, and keep it in bottles.
The above proportion of fpirits of wine is fufficient for the
thickeft and moft fucculent fpecimens, but lefs will do for fuch
‘as are thin and not juicy. If the fpirit be fufficient to prevent
mouldinefs, it is enough, for more has a tendency to extract the
colours.
Put
Fa
of preferving Fungi, &c. 265
Put the fpecimens to be preferved into wide-mouthed jars
made of flint glafs, and well fitted with corks: fill the jars quite
full with one or other of the above liquids, fo as to leave in as
little air as poffible: cork the jars very clofe, covering the corks
«vith tin foil, or thin fheet lead, fuch as may be had from the
dealers in tea, turning the edge of the lead or tin downwards fo as
to lap over and under the edge of the jar.
The dark-coloured plants are very apt to difcolour the liquor,
the milky ones to render it turbid, and fome of the juicy ones
to excite the vinous fermentation. In any of thefe cafes the
liquor muft be repeatedly changed.
Agarics may be tranfported to almoft any diftance with little
damage, by the following method. Put them into an earthen
jar upon a layer of mofs a little preffed down; cover them with
more mofs, carefully Alling: up the interftices; and thus go on
ftratifying them until the jar be quite full; pour in the liquid
No. I. as long as the mofs will continue to imbibe any ; then ftop
the mouth of the jar fecurely. It may be ufeful to mention,
that when feveral fpecies are put into one jar, they may be
labelled with flips of card paper, written upon with black lead
pencil.
- 1 have principally ufed the liquor No. I.; but No. IL. is beft
adapted to preferve fome of the more tender colours, and it alfo
keeps the texture more firm. Let the botanift however be careful
not to mix the liquors, nor to change one for the other after a
plant has once been wetted with one of them.
Amongft the lefs fuccefsful attempts, I fhall juft mention that
acids, even thofe of mineral origin, are apt to produce mouldi-
nefs; that neutral falts foften and deftroy the texture of the
plants; though perhaps a weak folution of common falt, with a
Vor, II, Mm fufficient
266 Dr. WITHERING'S New Method, &c.
fufficient quantity of {pirit of wine, might be ufed .advanta-
geouflÿ for the prefervation of Fuci and other marine veges-
tables. ne
Earthy falts feem ufelefs, except alum, which .preferves them
tolerably well for a time, but at length they are apt to become
mouldy. Spirit of wine, either by itfelf or diluted with water, is
an excellent preferver of the texture, but deftroys the colour of
the plants.
No doubt but future experiments will difcover methods. prefer-
able to thofe now mentioned, and that we may at length hope to:
fce the cabinet of the naturalift adorned with one of the moft va=
ried tribes of the vegetable creation. |
XXIV. 0b-
( 267 )
XXIV. Oljettions againft the Perceptrorty of Plants, fo far as is evinced
by their external Motions, in Anfwer to Dr. Peretoal’s Memoir in the
Manchefier Tranfaëtions. By Robert Townfon, Efq. F. R, S. Edinb.
Read Dec. 4, 1792.
OW A et we pa | he i in our expectations of ex-
^t > the limits of human knowledge, we cannot avoid
perceiving that there are Howtidarien gh it never can exceed.
Thefe boundaries are the limited faculties of the human mind,
which, though fully fufficient to anfwer all the purpofes of com-
mon life, are an infuperable barrier to the enquiries of fpeculative
men. None feel more the truth of this obfervation, than thofe
engaged in phyfiological enquiries; the operations of nature being
fo complicated, and at the fame time carried on in fo fecret a
manner, as to keep us ignorant of the moft common phæ-
nomena.
If phyfiologifts have been unfuccefsful in many of their enqui-
ries into the animal ceconomy, they have been ftill more fo with
refpect to vegetables: for how little do we know at this day of the
courfe‘of their fluids, and of the power by which they are moved?
Are we not in the vegetable kingdom where we were near two cen-
turies ago in the animal, when the great Harvey withdrew the veil ?
Mm2 The
268 Mn. Townson’s Oljettions againft the
'The many beautiful analogies exifting between the two organized:
kingdoms of nature, their fimilar origin from egg or feed, their fub-
fequent developement, and nourifhment by intus-fufception ; the
power of continuing their fpecies, the limited time of their
exiftence, and, when not carried off by difeafe and premature
death, poffefling in themfelves the caufe of their own deftruc-
tion—have been fo favourable to the fuppofition of the exift-
ence of a complete chain of beings, that there appeared to the fa-
vourers of this opinion nothing to be wanting to connect them,
but the loco- motive faculty; for irritability, from phenomena in a
few vegetables, had been granted them by fome. This loco-motive
faculty, which is confidered as a confequence of volition, which is
an attribute of mind, they fay * is manifefted in the direction of
the roots towards the foil which affords them their moft proper
nouriíhment, and in the direction of the tender fhoots and leaves
towards the light, which is likewife neccflary to their well-being,
Thefe facts are admitted, but not the confequences drawn from.
them.
Tt mutt indeed be allowed, that vegetables do on fome occafions
act as though poffeffed of volition, avoiding thofe things that are |
injurious to them, and. turning towards thofe that are beneficial 5.
.thus appearing to act by choice, which muft be preceded by per-
ceptivity, a favour that nature has granted I think to the animal
world alone. The following are brought as. examplest :
A plane-tree twenty feet high, growing upon the top of a wall,
ftraitened for nourifhment in that barren fituation, directed its roots .
down the fide of the wall, till they reached the ground ten feet
below, It has been amply repaid, fay they, for its trouble ever fince,
* Dr. Percival, Manchefter Tranfaétions
t Manchefter, Tranfsétions, .
| by
Perceptivity of Planis, &c, 269
by plenty of nourifhment, and a more vigorous vegetation has been
the confequence. On another occafion, a plant being placed in a
dark room, where light was admitted only through an aperture,
put forth its {hoots towards the aperture, which elongating pafled
through it; and this likewife was rewarded for its trouble by pou
of licht and free air.
That appearances fo fimilar to thofe that are obferved in ani-
mals fhould be confidered as proceeding from the fame caufe, viz.
volition, is not to be wondered at, when fo many of the inferior
orders of animals hardly poflefs fo much of the loco-motive faculty— .
particularly by men of warm imaginations, who, prepoffeffed in fa-
vour of an opinion, were grafping at every diftant analogy to fup-
port it. Though, as I have faid, we are by no means acquainted
with the courfe of their proper fluids (fucci proprii), or with the
power b y which they à are movad, „nor even can fay by what
h T s, which are its food, are taken in; yet fo
far we know, that here, as in the animal œconomy, there is a con--
ftant change and evolution of their fluids, and that a conftant fi
ply is neceffary, without which they foon perifh. This fish, o
neceflary, muft be taken in by abforption; and it is this act of ab-
forption that I fhall endeavour to prove to be the efficient caufe of
thefe motions in vegetables, and thus exclude volition from having —
anycaufation in thefe phænomena; foritis fromtheir not having been -
explained upon mechanical principles that mind has been reforted
to. Mind isin general our laft refource when we fail in explaining
natural phenomena. I could wifh that phyfiologifts were agreed
upon the kind of abforption which takes place here, whether it be
by active open-mouthed veflels, which in the common opinion
takes place in the animal ceconomy, or by capillary attraction,
which i is the moft general opinion in the vegetable; but the theory
4 I {alt
270 Mr. Townson’s Objections againft the
_T fhall offer to the maet of the Linnean Society will agree
with either.
The firft confideration 1s—'T'hat an inert fluid is in motion.
Secondly— That, poffefling no motion in itfelf, it owes this mo-
tion to the plant.
Thirdly—That as action and re-aétion are equal, whilft the
plant draws the fluid towards itíelf, it muft be drawn towards
the fluid, and that in the reverfe ratios of their refpective re-
fiftances.
Now whether this abfor ption be performed by veffels sing as
in the animal oeconomy, or by veflels of the nature of capillary
tubes, is of little moment, provided only that an abforption be ad-
mitted ; for it is evident, that if action and re-action be the fame, -
the abforbed fluids, which poffefs no motion in themfelves, cannot
be put in motion by the open-mouthed active veffels, without be-
ing drawn in the direction of the abforbed fluids. But fhould we
prefer the theory which explains this abforption by capillary at-
tra&ion, which theory I think is the moft prevalent, we fhall ftill
fid that the abforbing veffels are drawn towards the fluid. This is
equally true as evident, whether applied to that fimple hydraulic
inftrument, the ftraw, through which the fchool-boy fucks, or
to the moft complicated machine of the natural philofopher.
Thefe principles will, I think, be fufficient to explain thofe appear-
ances in yegetables which -have ferved asa foundation, or have been
confidered as figns of their perceptivity and volition, and which,
as far as I have learnt, have never been attempted to be explained,
viz. the direction of their roots towards the foil which affords them
the beft nourifhment, and the young and tender fhoots towards the
light: for here is an abforption of water and light. The abforption
of water is eafily afcertained; but that of light, by its fubtlenefs,
eludes our experiments, with probably many other fluids of great
importance
m
Perceptivity of Plants, &c. 7t
importance to the healthy ftate of the vegetable world. But to
make the connexion more complete between the two organic
kingdoms, it.has not only been found that plants move towards
their food like wile and intelligent beings, but they likewife turn
afide from thole foils, &c. which are injurious to them, or at leaít
afford them but a fcanty noutifhment. This is a’ deception:
it is only the immediate confequence of their motion towards
their nourifhment;. for. when the root of a tree or plant
changes its courfe, on account of meeting with a rock, or
with a hard, füff, and barren clay, or other object that docs not
afford it proper nourifhment, it is owing not to.any dereliction
of thefe objects, but to no attraction from abforption aéting im that
direction, but one from a more favourable foil. The fmallnefs.
of the refiftance of thefe fluids cannot be urged againft this theory:.
the 1 motion to be. ae is only the tendency of the nafcent
oots; no-one -the folid wood could alter its.
eO; it this power, ‘however fetis i is Awan acting. Iam
not ignorant that thefe are not the only motions which are
thought to announce the perceptivity of plants The motions
obferved in the ftamina and other parts at the time of fecunda-
tion, the fpiral direction of the ftems of fome*, theufe of the cirrhi of
others, and the burfting of the capfules, have all, with many other
powers, been thought to favour this opinion. Thefe are but powers
nature has beftowed upon them for their prefervation and pro-
* I have read, and heard it more than once afferted, that the Lonicera and other
plants with the caulis volubilis, which are twifted either dextrorfum or finiftrorfum,,
ean change this: natural direction ; fo that when two Lonicere, or two branches. of the:
fame Lonicera; meet, the one turns to the right, the other to the left, that they may afford
- t each other a better fupport. This is a miftake; and, if true, would only counteract the
jntention of nature, which is a mutual fupport ; for this would prevent their uniting fo.
firmly together, Some of the cirrhi of the Bryonia, &c. turn to the right, others to the
left, but not to accommodate one another.
wh VLE 7 duction,
273 Mr. Townson’s Objections, &c.
duétion, which can no more be confidered as the confequence of
volition, than the fall of their leaves at ftated periods, their growth
and decay, which have never been confidered as the confequence
of mind, any more than the increafe or deftruétion of animal bodies,
the efficient caufe of which may for ever remain unknown.
When all is confidered, I think we fhall place this opinion
amongft the many ingenious flights of the imagination, and foberly
follow that blind impulfe which leads us naturally to give fenfa-
tion and perceptivity to animal life, and to deny it to vegetables;
and fo ftill fay with Ariftotle, and our great mafter Linnæus—
Vegetabilia crefcunt © vivunt animalia crefcunt, vivunt, & fentiunt.
XXV. An
( 273 )
à XXV. An Effay on tbe various Species of Sawfifo. By Mr. Fe»
i Latham, F. R. and A.S. S. and F. L. S.
— Read Fan. 8, 1793.
'HE purport of the following paper is to endeavour to iden-
tify, as different fpecies, the various kinds of Sawfifh,. which
" have hitherto caufed much confufion, from being efteemed as mere
' varieties, or. r fexual, SIRE of one and the fame fpecies, with
viev moting ier inveftigation of the fubject, which
it is hoped this crude Eflay may pave the way to. The matter is
more particularly interefting, as very little has been added of late
years, or indeed from the time of Ben; who, if I miftake not,
was the firft who gave a figure of any part of the animal*,
In regard to place in the fyftem, moft authors have fixed the
Sawffh in the Squalus or Shark genus, with which it muft be con-
feffed it greatly coincides, excepting the elongation of the head
into a beak or fnout, which part in fome meafures one-fourth, in
others more than one-third of the whole length of the fith: how-
ever, it cannot be denied, that it alfo refembles the genus of Raia
or Ray in many particulars, which K/em gives for a reafon when
he wifhes it to be placed between the two; though he hefitates to
make it a diftinét one. In refpe& to myfelf, | cannot, but own,
* Aquat. 1553. 8vo. p. 66. a figure of the (aont.
Vor. II. Ha 2 CHE
274 Mr. Laruam’s Effay on |
that were only a fingle fpecies known to me, as was fuppofed by
the ancients, 1 fhould moft certainly join in the received opinion of
placing it with the Sharks, though differing in fome particulars,
rather than to form a new genus for it.
It has been urged, that the difference of fhape and fize of
the fpines in the fnouts of various fubjeéts may arife from age or
' fex: the latter I cannot deny, as far as relates to the two firft de-
{cribed, as the fpines refemble each other more than thofe which
follow; yet in regard to the firft two, whoever will make a fair
comparifon will moft probably join with me in feparating them,
till we have fufficient authority to unite them into one fpecies.
The number of fpines alfo, were no other diftinétion manifeft,
will of itfelf be fufficient to form a precite character for dividing
the feveral fpecies.
Klein obferves, that in the embryo ftate the fides of the fnout
are as {mooth as the gums of a new-born infant; but, in this cafe,
we are inclined to think that the fpines make their appearance not
long after its exclufion, and that they grow very quickly; for in a
fpecimen of the fecond fpecies, now before me, the total length of
which I conjecture to have been about thirty inches, the {pines
are full one-fourth as long as thofe of a nearly full grown fpeci-
men in the Leverian Mufeum. Another obfervation may likewife
be drawn from the comparifon of the fnouts of the fmaller fized
with the full grown ones; for as fome have been met with which
meafured only eight inches, and contained from thirty to thirty-
four {pines on each fide; and others, of the very fame fpecies, of
three feet in length, in which were found no greater number; may
we not fafely conclude, that they do not increafe by being fhed
_in the firft ftages of life, to be replaced by others, as in the jaws
of the human fpecies, and thofe of quadrupeds ?
The
the various Species of Saxvfijb. 275
The ro/rum or fnout in every fpecies which I have yet feen has
been ftraight, or at moft curved upwards in a very trifling degree,
and the reprefentations of it, in authors who have eund it, lead
us to think the fame; one inftance only excepted, wherein a fœtus
of one with twenty-fix fpines in the roftrum is engraved, with
that part bent in the form of a bow*: this furely muft be a fingular
lufus nature; unlefs we can fuppofe it to have been bent while
frefh, and fo dried, in order to enhance the value of the fpecimen
by exciting the wonder of the naturalift.
The Sawf/b is faid to be found both in the northern and /outhern
parts of the world, and fome have been met with of our firft and
{fecond defcribed of fourteen or fifteen feet in length, the fnout
meafuring one-third of the total length. ‘The ancients had but a`
Very imperfect knowledge of the fubjeét, when Pliny afferts, that
are met with ir in the indian Sea of two hundred cubits in
length t; ir er pl * calls it the mighty fifh called
E I. The fame notion alio had Ædrovandus, when he figured an
idéal one of a cetaceous magnitude, with a creft on the front,
fpouting the water from tubes on the top of the head, in the man-
ner of fome of the whale genus. The fame may alfo be feen in
Gefner, Pifo, Marcgrave, and others, who have copied from one ano-
ther. On a level with thefe ftands O/aus, who takes for granted, that
the Sawf/b is able to divide a fhip in two with the frout §.
However, to fay no more of fuch idle tales, it is certainly in the
power of fifhes of this kind to be injurious to the more defencelefs,
* Bloch. Fifch. DeutcM. t. 120.
+ Plin. Nat. Hifl. lib. 9. cap. 3.
+ Id. lib. 36. cap. 5.
$ “ Te will fwim under the fhips, and cut them, that the water may come in, and he
may feed upon the men when the fhip is drowned.” O/aus Magnus, Hifl. Goth. book 21.
ch. 10,
Nn2 Frefier
EO | Mr. LaATHAM's Ejay on
Freficr® (aw a battle between feveral Saw/ifhes and a Whale, when
all of them attacking the Whale at once, foon became viéto-
rious.
It is too plain, by the very little I have been able to colle& of
the natural hiftory of the fubjeét of this paper, that the ancients
had paid but little attention to it: to elucidate the matter is re-
ferved for the more enlightened naturalifts of the prefent day; and
it is to be hoped, that no opportunity of examination may hence-
forth be neglected by thofe who may be fortunate in having
fpecimens, more cien recent ones, país under their ob-
fervation.
Thofe who may wifh to retain the whole of the following un-
der the genus of Squalus, will have no difficulty in adjufting them
according to their wifhes: on the other hand, fuch as agree with
me in feparating them therefrom, will fee beneath an attempt to
form a new one under the name of
PRIS ELS.
Caput roftro elongato plano, utrinque fpinofo.
Spiracula 4—5 ad latera colli. | :
Corpus oblongum, teretiufculum, cute afpera coriacea,
Os fab capite. © | :
Nares ante os, lobo membranaceo femitectz.,
Pone oculos foramina ovalia duo.
Pinne ventrales approximate, & in mare circa genitalia pofi tz.
Pinna anales nulle.
»
* Voy. de la Mer. du Sud.
: : I. ANTI-
the various Species of Sawff». -277
I. ANTIQUORUM.
4
Pr. roftro fpinis validis utrinque 18—24 Tab. 26. f. 1.
Squalus Priftis, Lin, Syf. Nat. x. p. 407. 15. Faun, Suec. 207.
Muf. Ad Fr. 1. p. 52. Mull. Lin. Th. 3. tab. II. f. 2. (fpin. 18.)
Gmel. Lin. Y. p. 1494. 16. Fab. Fn. Grienl. pe 39. 91. Mull.
Prodr. p. 38. 319. Klein. Mif. Pifc. 3. pe 12. No. 1X. fab 3.
f. 1,2. (Pullus.)
Pin. Nat. Hifl. lib. 9. cap. 2. Cluf. Ex. tab. I4. f. 136 (fpin. 20.)
Aldrov. Cet. p. 692. Will. Icih. p. 61. tab. B. 9. fig. 5. (fig.
Clufii) Raï Syn. Pife. p. 23. Olar. Muf. p. 4x. t 26. f. 1.
k Rondel. Pift. 487. |
F BeN. de Aq. t. in p. 66. (Langue de Serpent.)
Valent. Ambon. p. 33. t. 19. f. 52. Bloch Fifch. Deutch. p. 37.
PRET á 120. Du Tertre Ant, f 207. BED, Bonann. Muf. Kirch.
Sp 289-77 binet de Ste. Gener 90. Brouf. AH. Par.
"8o. 5. GF: (La Scie.) Pif. Tad Occ. $. 51. Marcgr. Braf.
p 158. (Araguagua). Gronov. Zooph. p. 33. Arted. Syn. 66. »
Syn. 93. Brown. Fam. 458. 1.
Habitat in oceano,
Totum corpus ad 15 pedes longum, fupra nigricans, feu leuco-
phæo-grifeum, abdomine albicante.—Caput antice planum.—Roffrum
ad 5 pedes longum, fpinis validis numero utrinque 18—24. Os
dentibus granulatis inftructum.—Ocu/ magni inde aurea.—Pone
eculos Meo duo oblonga.—Spiracula quinque. .— Pinna dorfalis
prima ventralibus oppofita, altera inter primam & caudæ apicem
media— P ectorales late longæque—Caudalis brevior quam con-
generibus. |
This fpecies and the following grow to the largeft fize of any
5 which.
278 Mr. LaTHAW's Effay on
which have yet come under the infpection of the Naturalift, fome
fpecimens meafuring fifteen fect in length.
The head is rather flat at top, the eyes large, with yellow uides;
behind each is a hole, which fome have fuppofed may lead to an
organ of hearing*. The. mouth is well furnifhed with teeth, but
they are blunt, ferving rather to bruife its prey than to divide it by
cutting. Before the mouth are two other foramina, fuppofed to
be the noftrils. The rofrum, beak, or faout, is in general about
one-third of the total length of the fifh, and contains in fome
eighteen, in others as far as twenty-three or twenty-four /pines
on each fide; thefe are very ftout, much thicker at the back part,
and channelled, inclining to an edge forwards. The fins are feven |
in number—viz. two dor/al, placed at fome diftance from each —
other—two préloral, taking rife juft behind the breathing-holes,
which are five in number—two ventral, fituated almoft under-
neath the firft dorfal—and-laftly the caudal, occupying the tail =
both above and beneath, but longeft on the upper part. -The ge-
neral colour of the bady is a dull grey, or brownifh, growing paler
as it approaches the belly, where it is nearly white.
2. PECTINATUS.
Pr. roftro fpinis anguftioribus utrinque ad 34 Tab. 26. fig. 2.
Priftis feu Serra, Gefner Ag. fig. in p. 728. (fpin. 34.) Id. Ic. An.
P. 17 1.— Muf. Befler. tab. 17. f. 3. (fpin. 28.)— 44. f. 1. (caput,
fpinis 25.) Aldr. Cet. f. p. 692.— Fobnf. Pie. p. 8. 1. 111.—
(ipin. 28.)]—B/af. Anat. p. 466. t. 49. f. 13—Bloch Deutch.
f. 37. ^. 120. (roftr. arcuat.) Knorr. Delic. p. 56. 1. H. 4.—
Ofear. Kunfi. p. 38. 1. 25. f. 1,—Pontop. Hifl. Norv. IL. p. 240.
(fpin. 25.)
Habitat in oceano.
>
* Nos foramina hxc meatus auditorios eiie credimus. Willughb.
Corpus
#
RCE,
Vp Phi
ila
terio uia
the various Species of Sawfifh. 279
Corpus a priore non multum differt.—Rofri {pine longiores, &
i minus validæ, numero variant a 25 ufque ad 34 — Pinne pofticæ
| i magis excavate.
| | This and the former fpecies have been confounded hitherto by
| N aturalifts, nor are we certain that any others have b
n- by them: and if we may judge by their figures of each, it fhould
. feem that the firft defcribed was the moft plentiful. That figured
in Gener is far from a bad reprefentation, and the one engraved
t by Knorr in his De/ice is fufficiently accurate. This fpecies differs
- from the firft, in having the /z more narrow in proportion at
the bafe, and the whole of it more flender in all its parts ; whereas
- the firft is very broad at the bafe, and tapers confiderably from
thence to the point. The fpines on each fide alfo are longer
and more flender, and vary from twenty-five to thirty-four in the
different fpecimens: we > have indeed been informed of one which
|. contained no lels than thirty-fix fpines on each fide of the {nout ;
; but we muft confefs that we have never been fortunate enough ta
: | have feen fuch a fpecimen. This is fuppofed to grow to as great a
= fize as the former, and in the general make and fhape of the body
does not materially differ.
3. CusriDATUS.
— Pr. roftro fpinis cufpidatis latis utrinque 28. Tab. 26. fig. 3-
Habitat — — — ae
- Rofirum huic per totam longitudinem latitudinis fere zequalis.—
Spine abbreviatz, late, planæ, ad apicem. cufpidatæ.
Of this fpecies I have only feen two fpecimens of the roffrum,
one in my own colle&ion, the other in that of Mr. Parkinfon—the
firft
280 Mn. Latuam’s Effay on
firft is about a foot and a half in length, the other more than
two feet and a half: in both of thefe are twenty-eight fpines on
. each fide; but the diftinguifhing feature is in the fpines them-
felves being particularly flat and broad, and fhaped at the point
more like the /ancet ufed by furgeons in bleeding, than any other
figure. We believe that no author has hitherto taken notice of
this fpecies. |
4. MicroDON.
Pr. roftro fpinis minutis vix roftrum exerentibus. "Tab. 26.
-fig. 4. 3 | =
Hehitat uoc ceca
Corpus üt in congeneribus, 28 pollices longum.
Roffrum planum, a bafi ad apicem modice attenuatum.—Spine
utrinque 18, minus conípicuz.
A complete fpecimen of this fifh is in the mufeum of Mr.
Parkinfon, which is probably unique; the total length is twenty-
eight inches, the /zout occupying ten; from the bafe of this to
. that of the feéfora/ fins four inches; between the $ecfora! and ven-
tral fins fix. The two dorfal fins occupy nearly the fame propor-
tions in refpe& to each other; but the hinder one is the fmalleft,
and all of them are greatly hollowed out at the back part, much,
more fo than in the two firft fpecies.
The /nout differs from that of every other, in feveral particulars:
it 1s longer in proportion, ‘being more than one-third of the whole
fifth. The /piies do not ftand out from the fides more than a quar-
ter of an inch, and from this circumftance feem far lefs capable of
doing injury than any other fpecies yet known.
5. CinRATUS.
the various Species of Sawfif. 281
5. CIRRATUS.
Pr. roftro cirrato fpinis longioribus : brevioribufque intermediis.
Tab. 26. fig. 5. and Tab. 27.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia.
In hac fpecie rofrum fpinis circiter 20 acutis, modicé incurvis,
munitum ; brevioribus a 3—6 interjectis—ad latera fubtus utrinque
cirrus elongatus flexilis.
- . Of this curious and fingular fifh we have only met with one
: fpecimen, which was brought from Port Fack/on in New Holland,
and is in the poffefhon of Thomas Wilfon, Efq. of Gower-flreet, who
obligingly lent it to me, for the purpofe of defcribing and figur-
It is a male, and the total length about forty inches: the Jour,
from the tip of it to the eye, eleven: the /9ges widely different
from any of the others; they are indeed placed, as ufual, on the
edge, but are continued on each fide even beyond the eyes, as may
be feen in the drawing. The longer ones are flender, fharp, fome-
what bent, and about twenty in number; and between thefe are
others not half the length of the primal ones, between fome three.
or four, between others as far as fix; and in general the middle —
one of thefe fmaller feries is the longeft: befides thefe, a feries of
minute ones may be perceived beneath, at the very edge. In the
fnout likewife another figularity occurs :—about the middle of it, on
each fide, near the edge, arifes a flexible, ligamentous cord, about
three inches and a half in length, appearing not unlike the beards
at the mouth of fome of the Gadus or Cod genus, and no doubt as
pliant in the recent ftate. The colour of the fifh is a pale brown:
Vor. Il, Oo the
282 Mr. Latuam’s Effay, &c.
the breathing apertures four in number: the mouth furnifhed with
five rows of minute, but very fharp fee: as to the reft, as we have
thought right to give a reprefentation of the whole fifh (Tab. 27.)
a comparative view of the parts may be judged of without further :
defcription.
I do not doubt of the above fpecimen being a young one, as the
Ínout feems to have fhrunk much in drying:—but, to determine
this matter, it is to be hoped that future voyagers, who may chance
to yifit that part of the world from whence this was received, will
-pay ftri& attention to the natural hiftory of fo curious a produc-
tion of nature.
XXVI. De-
Pie ere nare th 27. fr 282.
( 283 )
XXVI. Deferiptions of Four New Britifh Lichens, By the Reverend
Hugh Davits FS
Read Feb, 5, 179 3
I. LICHEN PILULARIS. Tas. 28, E A.
L. cruftaceus cinereo-albidus, tuberculis pilulæformibus nigris,
Pill Lichen.
Species unknown to every author I have feen. In examin-
ing it attentively, I find fome of the younger fru&tifications
perfect fcutelle, with elevated margins of the fame colour; thefe
are but few, and feem foon to lofe that form. The fruétification
in decay changes into different fhades of brown. |
Found in Bodowen-park, Anglefea.
2. L. SIMPLEX. TAB. 28. f. 2.
L. ecruftaceus, tuberculis difformibus plicato-rugofis atris.
Simple Lichen.
THIS, hitherto undefcribed, fpecies has no ground, but confifts
of bare, fmall tubercles, which, examined with a microfcope, ap-
pear wrinkled, and of various irregular forms. It feems to affect
growing upon a kind of grey flate, which it covers to the extent of
-
many inches together. gie —— <
o ince
_ 284 Rev. Mr. Daviss's Defcriptions
Since the drawing of it was taken, I have likewife found it
on a fand-ftone, and then, owing to the unevennefs of the
furface, the fructification affumes a {till more irregular form, fome-
times appearing in fimple lines, and fometimes coiled; in fome de-
gree refembling the fruétification of Lichenoides, t. 29. f. 116.
Dill. Hif Muf.
Found with the former.
3. L. CONCENTRICUS*.
L. cruftaceus albidus, fcutellis fubimmerfis confluentibus concen-
tricis atris.
Concentric Lichen.
THE fcutelle are fcarcely raifed above the ground, depreffed
in the centre, and have a margin which varies in colour, being
fometimes white, fometimes black. I could have fuppofed this to
be L. petræus, Jacq. Collect. T. 3. tab. 6. f. 2. litt. a. a. a. from his
figure; but he refers to Michelius, ord. 34. p. 99. n. 53. and to
Hall. Helv. nos. 2061 and 2062, whofe defcriptions by no means
accord with this plant; particularly, as neither of thofe accurate
~ authors has noticed the confluent fru&ifications, which invari-
. ably form concentric fegments of a circle, affording a moft diftin-
.. guifhing charaéteriftic.
- . Found in Whitford parifh, Flintfhire.
4 L. varians. Tas. 28. f. 3.
L. cruftaceus albus, fcutellis atris nitidis : margine albo.
Changeable Lichen.
BY the feveral variations of this plant, — at the figures
- A. B. C. D. it is evident that it varies exceedingly in refpeét of co- |
* L. petreus, Jacq. Coll. v. 3. 116. t. 6. f. 2. lit. a. a. a. fynonymis dubiis.
lour,
A c
Louve, aceto Vtt. 28, po. 28-4.
P
of Four New Brit Lichens. | 285
lour, and, with an inattentive obferver, might pafs for different
fpecies. Its ftate of perfection is that defcribed in the differentia
Jpecifica, when the ground is a fine polifhed white, and the frusti-
fication a bright fhining black, with a white margin, fig. A. In
its fecond ftate, it lofes that gloffy black, fig. B. In its more ad-
vanced ftage, it becomes ftill paler; and in this ftate I have feen it
in a collection under the name of L. rupicola, fig. C. As it ap-
proaches nearer decay, the ícutelle affume an ochreous or buff-
colour, very different from either of its former appearances, fig. D.
In its laft ftage, which I had not obferved till after the inclofed
drawings had been made, it affumes a ftill very different appearance;
the difks of the ícutelle difappear, and there fucceeds a black
duft, giving it in fome meafure the refemblance of a fphæria.
The fingularly-various appearances of this plant afford an oppor-
tunity of obferving how liable períons are to be deceived by plants
of this tribe, whi ich. they have anot an opportunity of examining in
their places of growt! h; | may ferve as a caution, that our zeal
for difcovering new fubjeéts fhould not hurry us to create new
fpecies out of imperfect fpecimens.
Found on the S. W. fide of Anglefea.
XXVIL An
(0286 )
XXVII. An Account of Jome Plant cul difcovered in Scotland.
By Mr. Fames Dick on, F. L. S. :
Read Feb. 5, 1793.
LTHOUGH a very great number of Britifh plants are
defcribed in the Flora Anglica and Flora Scotica, yet no per-
fon can expect in thefe a complete catalogue of the plants of this
kingdom; for, though their ingenicus authors have done every
thing in their power, yet, in a field fo extenfive, much muft ftill
remain to be done. Large traéts in Scotland are ftill unexplored
by any naturalift, and many plants being merely local, we muft
wait for a more thorough and accurate examination of this king-
dom, before we can fix the extent of the Britifh Flora.
Indeed the operations of Nature are fo dark and intricate, and
her works fo amazingly profufe, that it is much to be doubted
whether we fhall ever be able, with the moft fcrupulous invefti-
gation, to afcertain the number even of Britifh plants, when we
defcend to the minuter tribes. The {pan of human life will be
found too fhort to meafure the vaft field of creation.
But thofe who intend to fearch for plants ought not to be dif-
couraged at their number, nor defpair of fuccefs though they tread
in the footíteps of fome former naturalift; for every practical
botanift muft remember fome inftances of his difcovering plants
8
: in
Mr, DrcksoN's Æcount, &c. | 287
in places he had often examined before; and the fmall plants are
fo numerous, and often fo crowded together, that we need not won-
der if they efcape our moft minute obfervation. Where a choice
ef place can however be had, the wild and unexplored ought
certainly to be preferred, though we fhould by no means over-
look the land in cultivation. Numbers of plants, not formerly
known to be annuals, are frequently found even among the ftand-
ing corn: I once found in fuch a fituation five different genera
upon a piece of earth half an inch fquare ; they were the Pha/cum
Jubulatum, Phafcum axillare, Bryum truncatulum, Jungermannia angu-
lofa, Riccia glauca, and. Blafia pufila.
In England, where cultivation has made fo great a progrefs, we
cannot expect to find fuch a variety of plants as in a wild moun-
tainous conntry 5 yet, within thefe thirty years, fome additions
have be been made to the Flora An gisa tho gh n not soul to to ths num
As the Highlands of Scotland abound me fuch a variety of foil
and fituation, with high fnowy mountains, deep glens, dripping
rocks, torrents of water, and every other fcene that can attract the
attention of the naturalift, we may reafonably expe& that, at fome
future period, very large additions will ftill be made to the Flora of
that country.
I have frequently made a tour through the Highlands, and ne-
ver without difcovering fome plants. I am forry their number is
as yet fo {mall, but they may ferve as a fpecimen of the botanical
riches of the country, and induce fome other naturalift to complete
- what I have only begun.
In a tour through the Highlands, in 1789, I difcovered the fol-
lowing plants, which are mentioned in my Faft. Secund. p. 29.
Veronica alpina. Linn. Spec. Plant, 15. In montibus propè Gar-
avay Moor, et in Ben Nevis.
i VERONICA
288 UN Mr. Dicxson’s Account of
Veronica faxatilis, Linn. Suppl. 83. in rupibus: Ben Lawers.
Puteum alpinum. Linn, Spec. Plant. 88. in montibus prope Gar-
way Moor.
Drasa ftellata. Facgu. enum. 256. t. 4. f. 3. Draba hirta Facgu. `
auf. 5. f. 15. t. 432. (non D. hirta Linn.) in rupibus: Ben
Lawers.
: Hieracium molle. Yacqu. auf. 2. p. 12. ?. 119. in fylvis Scotiæ
auftralis.
Hreracium villofum. Linn, Spec. Plant. 1130. in rupibus humi-
— dis: Ben Nevis. 7
Higracium fpicatum. Alion. pedem. 1. p. 218. t. 27. f. 1. 3.
in fylvis Scotiæ auftralis.
-Ericeron alpinum. Linn. Spec. Plant. x211. in rupibus humidis:
Ben Lawers.
SALIX RETUSA. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1528. in rupibus ficcis: Ben
Lawers.
In a tour, in 1792, the following plants enriched my collec-
. tion.
Veronica bumifufa, racemo terminali, folus cordato-fubrotundis
crenulatis, caulibus repentibus.
Defer. Planta tota proftrata ; caules palmares et ultra, repentes, ra-
dicantes, ramofi, :
Folia cordato-fubrotunda, crenulata, fcabriufcula, approximata,
inferiora petiolata, oppofita, fepe terna vel quaterna, fuperiora
plerumque feflilia et alterna. Racemus terminalis brevis. Flores
pauci, conferti, breviter pedunculati, latte czrulei.
The above Veronica is that which is mentioned in the F7, Scotica,
p. 72. for F. alpina, and in the App. p. 1138. for a variety of the
V. ferpyllfolia: the firft it is not, nor do I think it can be the laft.
V. bumi-
Jome Plants difecvered in Scotland, ` 289
FK. humifufa Y never found but upon very high mountains, and
under wet fhady rocks, where the 7. /erpyliifolia never occurs; be-
fides I have cultivated them both together in the garden for three
years, and they always kept very different. Ds. Gif: App. p. C7.
has a V. nummulariz folio, and Pluk. Phyt. tab. 233. f. 4. V. pra-
tenfis nummulariz folio, flore cœruleo; but I doubt neither of
them is the X. humifu/a.
EriopHoruM polyftachion. Culmis teretibus, foliis planis, fpicis
pedunculatis. Linn. Spec. Plant. 76, Fail. Parif. tab. 16. f. 2.
Leers Fi. Herb. t. x. f. 5. The figure given by Vaillant is a
good one.
E. polyfachion of Hudf. Lightf. Curtis, Withering, Se. is not the
above.
I four i this firít in bogs in North: mptonfhire, afterwards near
Dunftable, ire, and in Yorkíhire, Cumberland, and very
commonly in Scotland.
EriopHorvm anguftifolium. | Culmis teretibus, foliis canaliculato-
triquetris, fpicis pedunculstis. Hof. FJ. Deuchland. p. 19.
Vaill. Parif. tab. 16. f. 1. Curtis, Flor. Lond.
This is our common Eriophorum, and has been miftaken. for the
E. polvfiachion of Linn. Linnæus, no doubt, confounds the two
together, and refers to the figure in Fail. tab. 16. f. 1. only asa
variety of his polvflachion; but if he had ever feen both plants to-
gether, I have no doubt but he would have made them diftinct
Ípecies.
The following particulars may ferve to fhew in what this differs
from the E. polyflachion.
1. The root of that is not creeping.—2. The culmasis very ereét.—
Vor. 1I, Pp T tbe.
290 _ Mr. Dicxson’s Account of
3. The leaves fhort and flat. —4. The {pikes many, upon flender
footftalks, and pendulous.—5. The involucrum fhorter than the
Ípike. |
ERIOPHORUM alpinum. Linn. Spec. Plant. 77. found by Mr. Brown
.- and Mr. Don, in a mofs about three miles eaft of Forfar, in the
fhire of Angus.
A fpecimen of this was prefented to the Rate Society fome
time ago by Mr. Zeafdaie.
GENTIANA nivalis. Linn. Spec. Plant. 332... Ben Lawers.
Sium repens. Yacg. FJ. Aufl. t. 260; Wet places im the fouth of
Scotland.
SEXIPRARA cernua. Linn. Spec. Plant. 577- E the rocks on
. the fummit of Ben Lawers.
STELLARIA ceraftoides. Linn. Spec. Plant. 604. Smith's Plant. Ic.
t. 15. Ben Nevis.
AsPLENIUM alternifolium. Murray, Syf. Vegetab. edit. 14. Fac.
Mife, 2.t. 5. f. 2. Rocks in the fouth of Scotland.
PoryPopruM dentatum, nova fpecies*. A figure and defcription
of this will be given in my third Fafciculus. Rocky mountains
-of Scotland.
I found the following, not defcribed in the F7 Scotica, but in
the Flora Anglica, *
PHALARIS arenaria. Sea-coaft, near Preftonpans.
LysimAcuiA thyrfiflora. Woods in the fouth of Scotland.
Drosera anglica. Near Fort Auguftus.
BARTSIA alpina. Rocks to the eaft of Malghyrdy.
* P. dentatum Faft. Pl. crypt. 3. p. Y. th 7. f. t.
CAREX
fome Plants difcovered in Scotiana. | 291
Carex recurva. South of Scotland.
Carex brizoides. South of Scotland.
SAGINA apetala. About Invernefs.
AcnosricHUM ilvenfe. Linn. Rocks of Ben Lawers.
This plant- has been made a new Acrofichum by my friend Mr.
Bolton, under the name of 4. alpinum; and by Dr. Withering, Poly- `
podium alpinum, Y believe itis a Polypodium, but at the fame time
I am confident it is no other than the Linnean Æ. “eme: I
compared it both at Sir Jofeph Banks's and at Dr. Smith's, and
can find no difference but in fize, the Scotch plant being fomewhat
the fmaller; but thofe who are acquainted with ferns will be {en~
fible how different they appear, according to their age or places of
growth. I have no doubt, therefore, but the Linnean 4. z/vesfe
- (Hud/on's) and that I found in Scotland are one and the fame.
ier
+ à
Pp2 XXVIII. Re-
XXVIII. Remarks £n the Genus Dianthus, By Fames Edward
Smith, M. D. F. R. S. and P. L. S.
-—
Read March 5, 1795.
W HE i a tribe of plants has been kncwn from the earlieft
times in which any plants were noticed at all, and has
attracted the attention of all botanifts, as well as of every florift
and gardener, one would éxpe& it fhould be well underftood,
and that its fpecies and varieties fhould diftin@ly be known one
from another. Unfortunately, however, for the acquifition of
truth, the reverfe feems generally to be the cafe. The afliftance
which the bulk of mankind lend to any difquifition requiring acute
judgment or deep inveftigation does not always tend to elucida-
tion, though infallibly in fome Way or other to confufion. Hence
fuch an endlefs variety of opinions, obftinately maintained in pro-
portion to the weaknefs of their foundations, upon fubjects on
which moft has been thought and written; and hence in their
turn new fwarms of writings arife from each variety of opinion.
Happily for the advancement of natural hiftory, it has never been
a very lucrative ftudy; otherwife even the multiplicity of folid -
facts on which it is founded could fcarcely have prevented its be-
coming as disfigured and obfcure as many others that are,
7 - Na
>
Dr. SurTrn's Remarks, &c. 293
No genus, except perhaps that of rofes, juftifies the above re-
marks more than Dianthus; nor is fcarcely any one lefs under-
ftood. This obfcurity does not feem to have arifen, as in the Gera-
nium tribe, from a cafual intermixture of fpecies, either in a wild
or cultivated ftate; nor does it, as in Rofa, originate in the fpecies
being immenfely numerous, and very nearly refembling each other,
though it muft be confeffed their fpecific differences are, like thofe
of roles, very difficult to define by methodical characters. The chief
fource of confufion has been the incorre& labours of authors.
This genus, by the elegance and fragrance of.moít of its fpc-
cies, as well as the frequent occurrence of many of them through-
out Europe, has been noticed more or leís in every botanical
publication. The older botanifts, emerging as it were from a thick
cloud of ignorance and book-learning, to a view of Nature in broad
daylight. eid not at once acquire tbe faculty of fceing ; {till longer
have looked upon the face af Natus as e a balloon | in gi air.
They could diftinguifh a foreft tree from a rofe bufh; they faw
the earth was clothed with flowers, and one great us of
their obfervation feems to have been, that fome were red, yellow;
or blue, others white; they difcovered that the fields were green
with grafs, but fcarcely noted that all grafs was not the fame ;
nor did they dream there were tribes below that rank of vegetables,
fcarcely lefs numerous than thofe above it, and no lefs accurately
diftinguifhed, no lefs carefully foftered by the beneficent hand of
Nature, than all the gorgeous ornaments of their own flower-
gardens. When the fcience began to make a progrefs under the
fuperintendance of fome rare genius of gigantic powers, as a
Geíner or Cæfalpinus, while each of its footíleps was accurately
noted and delineated by the fcrupulous fidelity of a Clufius, fa&s
on faéts were gradually accumulated, and each new obfervation
led
204 Dr. Surrn's Remarks
led the way to many more. Happy if all had been made with
equal fagacity, and recorded with equal exactnefs! but every ob-
ferver was not a Clufius or a Gefner, nor every delineator of plants
a Fabius Columna.
The wooden cuts of that day, however wonderful in execution,
and excellent for defcribing large diftinét plants, in tribes whofe
forms are flender and delicate, and whofe line of difcrimination is
fmall, are fcarcely of any ufe, efpecially as they are feldom of the
fize of nature. |
The genus of which I am about to treat, is one where figures
have fucceeded the worft. They have confequently been mif-
taken and erroneoufly quoted, more efpecially as not half the dif-
tinct fpecies of Dianthus are figured at all in old authors, though
their books contain numerous trifling and tranfient varieties of
D. Caryophyllus, the favourites indeed of florifts, but which a bo-
tanift would gladly refign for certain information concerning real
fpecies, important in the œconomy of nature.
The figures and accounts (for they can fcarcely be called defcrip-
tions) of thefe plants in the earlier writers being therefore fo con-
fufed, it is, much to be lamented that fyftematic authors have
quoted them with fo little care. An erroneous fynonym is worfe
than none at all. — Linnzus himfelf has been = in this
refpe&. |
Having ns wifhed for fome fixed ideas of a genus every day
before one's eyes, and fome fpecies of which ftand, the opprobrium
of botanifts, unnamed-in every garden, I have made it my bufi-
nefs to collect all the fpecimens poffible, and to obferve every
herbarium that it has been my fortune to vifit in different coun-
tries; hoping to learn at once to diftinguifh one fpecies from ano-
: ther, and what authors intended by their different accounts. I
- had allo in view at the fame time the genus of Arenaria, {till more
3 intricate
on the Genus Dianthus. 295. .
intricate in {fome refpeCts; but its obfcurity I have been more `
fortunate in removing than that of Dianthus, It may in a future
paper, if this Society fhould think it worth their acceptance, be
illuftrated with fome minutenefs. I had deftined the fame pains
to the genus of Dianthus; but, having found the confu(ion in
herbariums and the defcriptions and fynonyms of authors inextri-
cable, I am obliged now to content myíelf with offering detached
remarks on the fubje&, like thofe on Veronica printed in the firft
. volume of our Tranfaétions. I take the fpecies in their order, as
in the fourteenth edition of Sy{t. Vegetabilium.
-
3. D. ferrugineus, Mant. 563. Linnæus quotes in manufcript
Miller's Icones t. 81. f. 2, which is undoubtedly the plant,
tonis an ill- coloured indiftin& reprefentation, which would
in etos QE: abont the Le
7. D. diminutus. OF this there is no fpecie in the Linien
herbarium. All that I have ever feen fo named, were evi-
dently D. prolifer, varying with a fingle flower in each com-
mon calyx, as Linnæus himfelf feems to have been per-
fuaded. =m
ir D. rupefiris, Suppl. 240, is nothing elfe than D. virgineus,
whofe hiftory I fhall gem in its place.
12. D. glaucus. What tases intended by this is sie little
- white pink with a purple eye, to be found in feveral gardens,
^ and which many have thought a variety of deltoides; differing
only in the white colour of its flowers, and in having four fcales
to the calyx inftead of two, which is a variable circumftance. I
confefs
296 Dr. Suites Remarks
confefs myfelf unable to find a fpecific difference between them,
and am perfuaded Mr. Hudfon is right in making 1t a variety
in his Flora Anglica, for that it is what he intends by his del-
toides f, I learned from himfelf, and his quotation of Dille-
nius, fig. 384, evinces it. The laft mentioned author gives this
as a Britih plant on report only ; nor do I know any certain
inftance of its being found wild, except Mr. Lightfoot's autho-
rity in Flora Scotica, where it is rightly given as D. glaucus
of Linnæus. One cannot but wonder Mr. Hudíon íhould
have applied this denomination, with its diferentia fpecifica, to
another plant, the Chedder pink, at the fame time quoting
Dill. £ 385, which has nothing to do with D. glaucus, and
which. Linnzus, indeed, by no lefs an error, makes a variety
of his D. virgineus. This point I have already cleared up
in Enghíh Botany, t. 62, defcribing the Chedder pink as a new
fpecies by the name of D. cæfus, of which therefore I {hall fay
no more at prefent.
#7. D. arenarius. For this little-known fpecies Linnzus is the
only certam authority. The fpecimen: in his herbarium is from
Sweden. The fynonyms of Bauhin and Clufius he has erafed
from his own copy of Species Plantarum, and furely the
zirmerius flos tertius of Dodonzus, p. 176, ought alfo to be
flruck out. Nor do I find any good reafon to depend on the
fynonyms of Le Monnier and Sauvages,
Neither has this any right to a place in our Flora Anglica.
Mr. Hudíon has affured me he meant, by his D. arenarius,
the common pheafant’s eye pink of the gardens, which occurs
fometimes apparently wild on old walls, and feems to belong
to D. Caryophyllus,
I9. D. wr-
on the Genus Dianthus, k 207
19. D. virgineus. Linnezus having originally defcribed this in the
firft edition of Species Plantarum from Burfer's Herbarium, pre-
ferved at Upfal, without having any fpecimen in his own, I had no
means of determining it with certainty but byapplying to Profeffor
Thunberg, who very obligingly fent me a drawing of the original
fpecimen, by which it clearly appears this is no other than the
plant Profeffor Jacquin has rightly taken for virgineus, and
figured in his Flora Aufiriaca, vol. 5. append. t. 15. I have it from
himfelf. Linnzus, towards the latter part of his life, having
had this pink in his garden at Upfal from the Alps, defcribed
it afrefh, forgetting it was his own virgineus; and forgetting
alfo that he had already named one Dianthus alpinus, he gave
that denomination to this fuppofed few fpecies. The latter error
however his {on corrected, publifhing it in the Supplement
by the name adapts. But another fault occurs in that work
à ynonym, Caryophylleus primus, C/z/. hif.
p. 282, figura tenuis. Linnzus wrote it fgwré tenus, meaning
that the figure, not the defcription, agreed with his plant. I
beg leave however to affert that neither 1s by any means re-
ferable to it. This is the very fame individual figure, printed.
in Dodonzus by the name of Armerius flos tertius, above men-
tioned. For what it was intended, I do not prefume to deter-
mine ; unlefs it may be my cæfus, with which the defcription
of Clufius agrees pretty well Yet here the weighty opinion
of Dillenius in Hort. Eltham. is againft me. The fynonyms.
of this genus form the moft inextricable botanical labyrinth I.
ever yet entered.
I gathered D. virgineus on the white limeftone rocks op-
pofite the poft-houfe on Mount Cenis in Auguft 1787. The
ftems were decumbent, not proftrate, and the flowers appeared
to me inodorous. Linnzus remarks the contrary. It ought to.
Vor. II. Q q be
= LI
268 Dr. SwiTm's Remarks
20,
_be removed tothe divifion of Flores /olitarii, plures in eadem caule.
The fpecimen in Burfer’s Herbarium, being’ a meagre one, -
fuBciently fhews why Linnæus placed it among thofe whofe
{tems are fingle-flowered. I have reafon to think, from the
information of my moft accurate friend Mr. Davall, F. L. S. this
is commonly taken for D. Caryophyllus in Switzerland. What
Haller has called it I do not yet know. * His account of this
genus is as confufed as any body's. |
D. arboreus. Of this Linnzus had no fpecimen, and he con-
founds under it two very different fpecies... His fpecific charac-
ter, folus fubulatis, agrees beft with the plant of Tournefort ;
but in his own copy ofeSp. Plant. he has erafed that fynonym,
iceming thus to intend Bauhin's for his real arboreus. Yet he
_ has added as a fynonym, Caryophyllus arboreus fylveftris,
Alpin. Exot. 39. +. 38, juftly obferving that the figure is bad.
Indeed ío execrable is this figure, and fo incomplete the de-
{cription, not a word being faid whether the figure be of the
natural fize or diminifhed, which in this cafe would determine
the point, that I cannot tell to which of thefe two moft differ-
. ent fpecies it belongs. Suppofing it not to be a much dimi-
nifhed reprefentation, it muft be Tournefort’s Caryophyllus
creticus arboreus, juniperi folio, Coro//. 23. which I fhall here-
after defcribe, and with which Alpinus's defcription of the
« flender leaves refembling thofe of wild pinks, and the fmall
flowers," agrees much better than with Bauhin's plant. The
latter, which I venture to confider as the real D. arboreus of
Linnæus, is very tolerably figured and pede in John
Bauhin's Hifloria, vol. 3. 328.
|. 21. D. fruticofus. Y am perfuaded, from Toutatis own {pecimens,
this is only a variety of the laft mentioned arboreus, having
8 | . broader
-
on the Genus Dianthus. 299
- broader and obtufe leaves, but differing in no other refpe&
from that of Bauhin. They are both very noble and orna-
mental plants, and it is pity they are loft to our gardens.
The prefent remarks, imperfect as they are, would be ftill more
fo if I did not attempt to defcribe fuch new fpecies of this genus
as are certainly known to me, as well as to reform the fpecific
characters of the others, fome of which are at prefent quite infuffi-
cient, and e¥en erroneous.
Thofe whofe characters need no ‘alteration I fhall merely enu-
merate by the Linnzan names.
= ee gg ee a eee ee
zpr
I. D. barbatus.
2. D. carthufianorum, floribus fubaggregatis, fquamis calycinis ova-
tis ariftatis tubo brevioribus, folus linearibus trinervus.
. D. ferrugineus,
. D. japonicus. Thunb, Fl. "Yap. 183. t. 23.
3
4 D. -Armeria,
5
6. D. prolifer.
xl Flores folitarit, plures in eodem caule.
7. D. diminutus, anne varietas praecedentis ?
8. D. Caryopbyllus, floribus folitariis, {quamis pipi. fubrhom-
beis breviflimis, petalis crenatis imberbibus.
Qq 2 9. D. pome-
300 Dr. Smitru’s Remarks
g. D. pomeridianus, flor. folitariis, fquamis calycinis ovatis acutis
breviflimis; tubo apice tantum ftriato, petalis emarginatis fub-
in tegerr imis. "
This is the only fpecies I have ever feen whofe calyx is
fmooth in the lower part, while the upper half is ftriated,
and that very ftrongly and accurately.
E
10. D. deltoides, flor. folitariis, {quamis calycinis ovato-lanceolatis
acutis fubbinis, foliis obtufiufculis ae Sd petalis
crenatis. j
£. D. glaucus Linn. Varietas fquamis calycinis fepiüs quaternis, |
foliis magis glaucis, fubinde glabris, limbo petalorum albo (nec |
carneo) femper cum lineà tranfverfà purpurea ad bafin ut
1n æ
11. D. chinenfis, flor. folitariis, fquamis calycinis fubulatis patulis
foliaceis tubum æquantibus, petalis crenatis, foliis lanceolatis.
I have a plant from Mr. Sikes's garden at Hackney which
feems a hybrid between this fpecies and D. barbatus.
12. D. monfpeliacus, flor. folitariis, fquamis calycinis fubulatis
reétis tubo parum brevioribus, corollis multtfidis, caule erecto.
d
13. D. plumarius, flor. folitarus, Íquamis calycinis fubovatis bre-
viffimis obtufiffimis muticis, corollis multifidis.
I4. D. crinitus, flor. folitariis, fquamis calycinis ovalibus mucro-
natis fubdivergentibus tubo triplo brevioribus, petalis multifidis
imberbibus.
Caryophyllus orientalis, minimus, tenuiffimé laciniatus, flore
purpureo. Tournef. Cor. 23.
Habitat in Armerià. "Variat flore albo. | Zourzefor?,
: ~ BE : Caules
an the Genus Dianthus. 301
Caules {pithamei, leves. Folia linearia, anguftiffima, breviffi-
ma, obtufiufcula, laevia. Flores duo vel quatuor in caule, ere&ti.
Calyx tubo gracili, ftriato, dentibus lanceolatis rectis acutiffimis;
{quamis ad bafin quatuor, exacté ovalibus, dorfo ftriatis, mu-
crone brevi patente. Petala angufta, limbo ad bafin ufque i irre-
gulariter multifido-capillacco, imberbi.
15. D. /uperbus, flor. folitariis paniculatis, fquamis calycinis bre-
viffimis acuminatis, petalis multifido-capillaribus, caule erecto.
16. D. attenuatus, flor. folitariis, fquamis calycinis brevibus lanceo-
latis acuminatis fubfenis; tubo apice attenuato, petalis crenatis.
Caryophyllus maritimus, fupinus, foliis anguftiffimis, acu-
leatis, multiflorus. An Caryophyllus fylveftris repens multi-
Boras C. B. Prod. * ?— Herb. Tournef.
Onati Brorfonet, Ex horto
Habitat à in —M— an |
regio Parifienfi etiam haber
Caules diffufi, bafi lignofi, tortuofi, ramofiffimi; rami flori-
feri adfcendentes, pedales, foliofi, teretes, glabri, apice in ra-
mulis 2 vel 3 divifi, unifloris. Fofa fubulata, mucronato-
pungentia, glauca, margine fcabra; caulina internodiis bre-
viora. Flores carnei, inodori. Calyx fquamis fex ad bafin, .
quarum interiores fepé margine membranacez ; tubo ftriato,
apicem verfus fenfim attenuato, dentibus erectis, marginé n mem
branaceis. Corolla parva, crenata, imberbis. |
17. D. fungens, flor. folitariis, caulibus paucifloris, fquamis caly-
cinis breviffumis mucronatis patentibus; tubo gibbo, petalif
integris.
E
* Nequaquam. Conf. D. virgineum.
18. D.
^
302 . Dr. Smitu’s Remarks
18. D. virgineus, flor. folitariis, caulibus paucifloris, fquamis caly-
cinis breviflimis obtufiffimis binis, petalis crenatis.
D. rupeftris. Linn, Suppl. 240.
Caryophyllus fylveftris repens multiflorus. Bauh. Pin. 209.
Prod. 104. Herb. Burfer. vol. 11. f. 99.
* * R Caule unifioro berbaceo.
19. D. cefius, caulibus fubunifloris, fquamis calycinis fubrotundis
. ufcula, glauca, margine fcabra.
*
"brevibus, petalis crenatis pubefcentibus, foliis margine fcabris.
D. cæfius, Sowerd. Engl. Bot. t. 62.
— glaucus, Hudf. Fl. Angl. 185.
Armerice fpecies flore in fummo caule fingulari, Rai Sys. 3 36.-
Tunica rupeftris, folio cæfo molli, flore carneo, D. Hort.
Elth. 401. 1. 298. f. 385.
Habitat in Anglia. In Helvetia, Daval.
Radix lignofus. Caules plures, fpithamei, erecti, fimplices,
glabri, quadranguli, conjugationibus foliorum duobus vel tribus,
unifloi, vix unquam biflori. Fa lineari-lanceolata, obtufi-
Calycis Íquamz. tubo triplo
breviores, ovato-fubrotundæ, obtusé mucronate, ftriate. Pe-
tala carnea, obtusè duplicato-crenata, bafi lineata atque bar-
bata.
20. D. alpinus, caule unifloro, petalis crenatis, fquamis calycis ex-
terioribus foliaceis tubum fubæquantibus.
Variat foliis obtufis & acutis.
2I. D: arenarius.
RER Fry-
on the Genus Dianthus. — 303
RR Frute/centes.
` 22. D. arboreus, caule fruticofo, foliis oblongis fubcarnofis, fquamis |
calycinis numerofis obtufis arétè imbricatis breviflimis.
Betonica coronaria arborea cretica, Bauk, Hif. 3. 328. f. 2.
4 E £. D. fruticofus, Linn.
Caryophyllus graecus arboreus, Leucoii folio peramaro. Tourngf.
It, v. I. 70, cum figurà.—Nullo modo ab a differt, nifi foliis
brevioribus, parum latioribus, & obtufis.
.23. D. juniperinus, caule fruticofo, foliis fubulatis, fquamis caly-
| cinis fubquaternis obovatis mucronato-pungentibus patulis tubo
OE : . duplo brevioribus.
Caryophyllus creticus arboreus, Juniperi folio, Tourn, Cor, 23.
+ VC AT DO US. ASP. Pats Ch Fe 20 :
Habitat in Cretà. Tournefort.
Caulis fruticofus, cortice rimofo lacero, ramofflimus, ra-
muli apice densè foliofi; floriferi elongati, cum oppofitioni-
i | bus 2 vel 3 tantum foliorum, internodiis multo breviorum,
| teretes, glabri. Folia fubulata, anguftiffima, mucronato-
pungentia, canaliculata, margine levi. Flores bini vel terni
in apicibus ramulorum, pedicellati, parvi. Calycis íquamz
obovatæ, obtufz, vix ftriatæ, margine apiceque membra-
nâceæ, mucrone pungenti, divaricato, brevi, terminatz, tubo
duplo breviores; tubus ftriatus, dentibus acutis, margine
| ^. haud membranaceis. Petala crenata & incifa. Styx exferti,
Ss capillares.
I have
= - ; LA
304 Dr. Smitn’s Remarks, &c.
I have taken the liberty of altering. the arrangement of the
Linnzan fpecies in fome degree, introducing Pt new ones as
much as poffible according to their affinities. D. pungens not
being at all more fhrubby than many others, reckoned by
Linnzus herbaceous, is moft conveniently placed near thofe
fpecies, to which it is, in other refpects, naturally allied.
XXIX. The
XXIX. The/Hiflory and Defeription of a Minute Epiphyllous Lycoper-
don, apn on the Leaves of the Anemone nemorofa. By Richard
Pulteney, M. D. F. R. S. S. Lond. and Edin. and F. L. S.
Read "fune 5, 1792.
T 1s s many years fince I was firft acquainted with the produc-
ion which | beg to lay a: an account before the Lin-
nean Society. —-— “it had frequ ntly occurred to me,
I had negleéted to give it an accurate examination by means of
glaffes; having refted i in the opinion which I had met with in fe-
veral modern authors, that thofe Tubercula, or Punéta, as they
have been moft commonly ftyled, on the leaves of the Anemone
nemorofa, were the eggs of an infect.
.. An opportunity of feeing fome of thefe plants early this Spring,
put it in my power to give thefe appearances a more exact fcru-
tiny ; the refult of which convinced me, that thefe tubercles were
themfelves a vegetable production of a parafitical kind, and of
the order of Fungi: of which, it may be remarked, that very
few fpecies are known to vegetate on the perfect and living
foliage, although many inhabit the dead and putrid leaves, of
plants.
Before I defcribe more minutely the Fungus in queftion, I will
briefly recite what I colle& concerning the plant on which it is
Vor. II. Rr found ;
306 / Dan. Puzrenev’s Hifory and Defcription
found; which, on account of thefe tubercles, has, by fome of
thofe botanical authors who wrote foon after the reftoration of
botany, been confidered as a diftinét fpecies. -Hence fome account
of the plant becomes neceffary to illuftrate the fubfequent obfer-
vations; fince, if I miftake not, fome errors relating to it have
remained undetected for upwards of two centuries.
- After confulting all the older authors which I have it in my power
to refer to, | can find no one who notices the fingularity obferv-
able in the leaves of the Anemone, prior to T'HALIUS, a phyfician
of Northaufen in Germany; who appears to have been no inconfi-
derable botanift, at the period when he wrote. He with great dili-
gence made a catalogue of the plants of the Hartz, or Black Foreft,
which was undertaken at the requeft of. CAMERARIUS, and pub-
| lifhed by him after the death of the author, under the title of
Sylva Hercynia, n 1588. In this work the author defcribes what he
calls Ranunculus Martii tertium Genus Gorpr & Tract.’ This genus
he divides into five kinds or fpecies, among which are included the
Anemone nemorofa, and ranunculoides of LiNNæus, and the moderns,
I have only to notice what he remarks of his Quintum Genus, of
which, however, it is unneceffary to detail his defcription at large.
It is fufficient to obferve, that he defcribes it as being always a /ferile
plant, and concludes with the following characteriftic obfervation,
which I give in his own words—“ Hoc autem præ reliquis hujus
* ordinis generibus folia hzc peculiare obtinent, quod in dorfc
‘ frequentibus veluti ftigmatibus, feu punétulis protuberantibus
* fint picturata exafperataque.” Sylv. Hercyn. p. 98.
Cafpar Baubine, in his Phytopinax, p. 320. (which with refpeét to
many of the plants is a more correct work than the Pinax itfelf)
comprehends this variety under the fynonyms of the Anemone nemo-
wes ane “ Eft et qui in dorfo frequentibus punétulis protube-
* rantibus
eo
of a minute epibbyllous Lycoperdon. 307 |
* Tantibus exafperatur:" which obfervation Yohn Baubme, his la-
borious brother, repeats in the Hi/foria Plantarum, tom. iii. p. 413.
Ca/par Baukine, again, in the Pinax itfelf, makes it his feventh fpe-
cies of the Anemones fylveffres, under the name of Anemone nemorofa
frerilis, foliis punétatis, p. 177.
. 1 find other authors alfo charaéterifing this plant, as a variety
of the Anemone nemorofa, by the epithets or trivial adjunéts /Zgma-
toides, infeétorum vitium, &c. Such are Maurice HoFFMANN, in his
Flora Altdorfina in 1662, and BromeLius, in his Chloris Gothica in
1694. But not having an opportunity of referring to thefe authors,
I am unable to fay how far their obfervations extend. It feems,
however, that HorrMANN was the firft who afcribed thefe appear-
ances to the work of infects: but he does not fay they were the
CBS Sut feems rather to confider them as the effect of pun&ures
h [EN TZEL, in his Judex Nominum Migxau guiilag guis, printed
in 1682, dnra it "under the name of Ranunculus n vs ofus figma-
toides, p. 258. But, in his Pugillus rariorum Plantarum, he goes
much farther, and caught the idea of its refemblance to a Fern.
« Hic abfque flore crefcit, et folia fubtus tamque rubigine adfperfa,
** habet quafi in capillarem plantam degener." By this defcription
it evidently appears, that MENTZEL had examined the plant in
the mature ftate of thefe Fungilli, when indeed it bears a notable
refemblance-to a {mall Fern. The root of the Anemone nemorofa is .
known to creep in a horizontal dire&ion; and MENTZEL obferves,
that, unlike to the flowering fpecies, which puts forth the leaf
from the middle of the root, this frerile plant always fends up the
{talk from one of the extremities, I mention this, fince a few ob-
fervations of my own, made by digging up the roots, tend to con-
firm the remark of this author. He notices further the length
of the footítalk or petiole, which, with a palenefs of the leaves,
Rr2 diftinguith
308 . Dnm.PvurrENEY's Hifory and Defcription
diftinguifh thefe plants, at firft fight, from the-flowering plants
of this kind.
Among the writers of our own country, Mr. Ray firft records
the plant as a variety under Ca/par BAUHINE’s name from the Pinax
as above quoted; to which he adds, ** Anemones fylveftris fpecies
c degener effe videtur." Hif. Plant. i. p. 624. Thus ftood the
matter until the publication of the third edition of Ray’s Synopfs,
by DiczENrus; when a leaf of this Anemone, laden with thefe tu-
bercles, which had been found by DILLENIUs, in Bomam T's Hortus
Siccus, had fo far impofed upon the Profeflor, that he judged it to
be a new fpecies of Fern *, and introduced it into the Synopfs
under the name of F7/x lobata globulis dv undique afper/as
P 125. fab. 3. fig. I.
Whether Dr. Hitt himfelf deteéted this error of Dillenius I am
not informed; but as far as 1 know he was the firft who revealed
it, in his Bri Herbal, publifhed in 1756, p. 12. and this with a
füppancy of remark every where too confpicuous throughout that
work, and which, in this inftance, does lefs credit to his own can-
dour and ingenuoufnefs, than it detracts from the accuracy of Dil-
lenius, whom he tacitly endeavours to ridicule, under the appear-
ance of refcuing the memory of Ray from the imputation of this
error, although he muft have known that no botanift could place
itto Ray's account. ] make this obfervation, becaufe, in reality, it
. is as little wonderful that the plant, without the help of glaffes, -
. fhould, from thefe tubercles, have been miftaken for a Fern, if
viewed when the Fung: were in their laft period, verging to decay,
as that, in their younger ftate, they fhould be miftaken for the
eggs of an infect, Dr. Hill himfelf probably might have feen the
* Since the above was written I am enabled to add, by information from the prefent
learned Profeflor of Botany at Oxford, that he has feen among Dillenius’s papers a cor-
rection of the miftake by Di/niu: himfelf. June 1793.
i plant
of a minute epiphyllous Lycoperdon. 309
plant in the latter ftate, fince his detection of the error (if it was his
own) was but partial; he having, after all, confidered the punéa as
being effected by infeéts. He actually fays, that * a fmall winged
* infect is apt to depofit its eggs on the under part of the leaves
“ of this fpecies," (fpeaking of the Anemone nemorofa) * and they
“ fomewhat refemble the round dots in which the feeds of fern
* are lodged." What degree of credit is due to this account,
will be manifeft from the fubfequent hiftory of the plant. |
Although after this time neither Hupson, LicuTroor, Martyn,
Lyons, RELHAN*, nor any other author takes notice of this Filix
lobata, yet fome foreign writers of the moft refpectable note conti-
nued to advance the old opinion relating to thefe appearances on the
. leaves of the Anemone. “ Foliis ftigmatibus ex infeétorum ictu no-
tatis," are the words of Harren, H;ff. Plant. Helv. tom. i. p. 64; and
the accurate. PorLica in his H; Lior ia Plantarum P alatinatás electoralis,
adds, when fpeaking of this plant ‘ariat quoque ubi folia mi-
** nora ac latiora erant, lobata, fubtus punctis nigris con{perfa, quz
“ ab infectorum iétu nafcuntur.”
After having thus traced the hiftory of this production down to
the prefent time, I muft obferve, that, although it would be un-
warrantable in me to affert that no infect ever depofits its eggs
on the under fide of the leaves of the Anemone nemorofa, yet I fuf-
pe& that the want of a precife examination of thefe juna -has
been the fole reafon of perpetuating an error, and that thefe punéta,
whenever found, have been in reality, not of animal, but of ve-
getable origin: and I cannot help prefuming that the defcription
I fhall give, and the reafons hereafter alleged, but above all a
view of the plant itfelf, which I herewith fubmit to the infpection
of the Gentlemen of the Society, will fufficiently eftablith this
opinion,
* Aecidium fufeum. Relh. Cant. Suppl. iii. 36.
Before
Li
310 Dr. PuttENEY’s Hjfory and Defcription
: Before I had examined thefe appearances more minutely, and
with glafíes, I had indeed doubted whether they were owing
to the operation of, or were indeed the eggs of infects, from
the circumftance, among others, of their being always found fparf-
edly placed on the leaf, and not in the aggregated mode, as in-
fcéts ufually depofit their eggs. A favourable opportunity, this
Spring, of feeing fome of thefe leaves loaded with tubercles, con-
firmed my fufpicions that they were not the eggs, the punctures,
or even the work of infects, in any way whatever. Upon examin-
ing them with one of Mr. Adams’s pocket leníes of three glaffes
united, I obferved, that thele tubercles were not merely placed on
the outer coat, but that they originated beneath the cuticle or ex-
ternal film of the leaf; and that the young white Fungus might be
difcerned through this thin green coat. Others were feen juft
emerging with the'coat of the leaf lacerated, and fpread on the
fide of the Fungus. On each leaf.they are very often {een in dif-
ferent ftages of growth; fome juft appearing, others out, and with
a puncture, or pore, juft difcernible on the top, which is the be-
ginning of the aperture, that by and by enlarges, and the whole
affumes a globular.cup-like form, with lacerated edges, the cavity
being lined with white duft, among which minute fibres or. fila-
ments may be difcerned. © When the Fungus fades, it becomes,
from being perfe&ly white, firft yellowifh, then brown, and finally,
each Fungus is refolved into a farinofe particle refembling the fruc-
tification of a Polypody. This minute Fungus is fomewhat allied
in its habit to the Lycoperdon epiphyllum Luxx æi, as found on the
leaves of Colts-foot; but differs in not being aggregate, nor of an
orange colour. ‘Some of them, at a certain ftage of 'growth, bear
fome refemblance to the figures of the Carpobolus E:F. tab. tor,
in the Genera Plantarum nova of Micuez: ; but the edges are lace-,
rated in our Fungus, ane not in any pal cae divided into {mooth-
VM edged,
C LL raa
of a minute epiphyllous Lycoperdon. 311
edged, recularly fhaped fegments, like thofe of the above-mentioned
figures ; neither have I, as yet, obferved the appearance of a Volva,
To this may be added, that, during all its ftate of growth, and at
maturity, it preferves uniformly a white colour, changing when
dead into a yellowifh brown.
As far as my obfervations extend, I judge, that this Fungus is fel-
dom found on full grown, vigorous, and perfect, or flowering
plants; but on the leaves of feedling plants, or of the firft year’s
growth. The plants on which it is found are ufually fmaller than
the others, the leaves of a paler colour, and the footftalk more
lengthened, the whole giving the idea of a weakened or morbid
ftate: but whether thefe Fungilli render the plant always ferik, an
epithet which Ca/par BAvmiNE and other ancient authors have
applied to it, or whether they occupy it in confequence of its
come morbid, diane not dci
Having made my earl ieft obfervz — Fungus, when in
its younger ftate of growth, and cup-like form, I hefitated whe-
ther it fhould be ranked with the Peziza or Lycoperdon genus: but
in marking its progrefs to its old and decaying ftate, there remained-
no longer any doubt in which genus it ought to be claffed. I
judge it may not unaptly be named and defcribed as follows :
NOMEN.
Lycoperdon, (Anemones) parafiticum fphæricum feflile difcretum
album ; ore multifido lacero; polres albo. T
Descriptio. A
"Tubercula viridefcentia, difcreta, magnitudine inter fe nec mul-
tum difcrepantes, intra folii cuticulam primum difcernuntur: mox
erumpunt fungilli albi, mammiformes, poro in fummitate notati:
* Mr. Relhan obferved the contrary.
8 fenfim
312 Dr. PurTENEY's Hiflory aud Defcription, &c.
fenfim dehifcunt in cyathos urceolatos five orbiculatos albiffimi
coloris; marginibus fubequalibus in lacinias numerofas fedis.
Cavitas dum maturefcunt fungilli, pulpa, five lanugine filamen-
tofa, pulverem album fundente, repletur. Vacuo per maturitatem
demum cyatho, pulvis per totum folii difcum difpergitur. Sene-
Ícens, flavefcentem, et per statem extremam fubfufcum, induit
colorem : totus demum fungillus in cæfpitem quafi vel globulum
farinofum, nigrefcentem, filicum, vel meme poly podii, fruétifi-
cationem zmulantem, contabefcit.
Lycoperdo epiphyllo Langi, in pagina died Tuffilaginis
Farfare folii, crefcenti, affine, fed non idem; differt enim quod
difcretum femper nec aggregatum. Color albus, nec aurantius ;
quod cyathi margines nec in octo tantum vel novem lacinias fedi,
fed plurimas et irregulares.
*
Locus.
Habitat in dorfo Anemones nemorofe foliorum virentium.
TEMPUs.
Verno viget tempore, dum planta cui infidet, virefcit. Juniora
folia plantarum forté annotinarum, potiffimüm videtur occupare
hic fungus ; et plantam, ut fufpicor, fterilem effe reddit, Sparfim
et fine ullo ordine, dorfo folii folum, innafcitur, inter omnes ejuf-
dem generis, minimus hic fungulus ; neque confluens neque aggre-
gatus, rarius enim duo contigui videntur. Decem, quindecim; vel
viginti, immo etiam triginta fæpè P ad centum rarius, in uno
foliolo numerantur.
XXX. Era
( 313 }
XXX. Extra of a Letter from Mr. Sohn Litdfay, Surgeon in a=
maica, to Sir ‘fofepbh Banks, Bart. P. R. S. and H. MOL. S
dated June 30, 1792.
Read April 2, 1793.
STR,
N my laft letter I mentioned I had fown fome of the fine duft
L or farina from the MISSIS of Lycopodium cernuum, and
that from the capitula, generally called antherz, of Bryum cefpi-
titium, or a fpecies very s it, pat I then thought their fuccefs
fomewhat doubtful. 1 have fince repeatedly fown them both, andi
in a proper fituation find they grow very readily.
Encouraged by this, I fowed that curious part of the fruétifica-
tion of Marchantia polymorpha, compofed of fine elaftic filaments:
and {mall globules (commonly confidered as the male parts), where:
none of thefe plants had ever been before. In a fhort time I
found there feveral young Marchantia, which are now growing
freely. I lament I could not get any of the genus Egui/etum, for a.
fimilar trial; but am much inclined to believe that the farina,.
from its fruétification, will likewife produce young plants. -
From thefe inftances of young plants being prodüced from
thofe parts of the fructification of Cryptogamous plants which
‘have been, as far as I have been informed, hitherto confidered:
Vor. I.. Ss as;
314 Ma, Linpsay's Leiter te Sir "fofepb Banks,
as the male parts, I have little doubt but it would be found on a
fair trial that, in a very great proportion of Cryptogamous plants,
the real female parts have been miftaken for the male.
In this view thé Marchantia bearing feeds of another kind in
fmall feflile cups, which alfo readily grow, may give the appear-
ance of unneceflary fuperfluity; but in this refpect the Marchantia
is not fingular. May not this daft kind of feeds be confidered
as in fome meafure analogous to thofe luxuriant. productions
of young plants in many vegetables (hence called Viviparous) in
place of feeds, rather than as a neceflary part of the genuine fruc-
tification? Such examples are frequent in the tribe of Graming,
in the genus Æ/ium, and others, and alfo among the Cryptogamous
plants. There is à fern here, feeming a Péeris, growing by
the edges of ponds, which is plentifully propagated by the fall-
ing of the leaves loaded with young plants into the water; yet
this has its fruétification and feeds in the ufual manner, and the
feeds readily grow.
ADDITIONAL REMARKS,
By James Epwarp SMITH, M, D. P. LS
THE foregoing obfervations of Mr. Lindfay are highly worthy
-of attention, as confirming the Hedwigian theory of the fructifi-
cation of mofles; and the refult of his experiment on the Bryum
was the fame with thofe made on the fame genus by Hedwig.
The raifing of any fpecies of Lycopodium from. its farina has not
to my knowledge been defcribed as practicable; Mr. Lindfay,
| there-
Additional Remarks by Dr. SMiTu. 315
therefore, has all the merit of an original obferver. It is not to
detract from his due praife, but to do juftice to unoftentatious inge=
nuity, that I now mention Jofeph Fox, a journeyman weaver of
Norwich, as having made fimilar experiments upon Lycopodium
Selago with the like fuccefs. He fhewed me, in the year 1779,
young plants of this fpecies raifed from feed in his own garden.
This humble obferver, whofe name has not yet appeared in any
book, is the original difcoverer of many rare plants in the county
of Norfolk, and it is with pleafure I commemorate his. former
affiftance to. myfelf.
S52 XXXI. De-
{ 316: )
XXXI. Defcriptions of Three New Species of Hirudo, By tbe Reverend
William Kirby, A. L. S. With an additional Note by G. Shaw, M. D,
F. R. S. and F. L. S.
Read May 7, 1793.
EING defirous of adding my mite to the treafures of the
Linnean Society, I take the liberty of offering a defcription
of three fpecies of Hirudo, which appear to me to be non-defcript,
I. HIRUDO ALBA.
H. depreffa alba interaneis fufcis ramofis, margine crifpante, extre-
mitate acutiufcula.
Defeription.—The H. alba is a fpecies off fingular beauty. Its
colour is a moft delicate white, which is interrupted by the ele-
gant ramifications of the vifcera, or interanea as Linnæus has
termed them.
* Thefe have the appearance of fome of the moft beautiful
fuci. They begin a little behind the eyes (of which there are
only two) in a point, and, proceeding as it were from a common
rachis, grow gradually wider and wider till they arrive at the ovary
where the rachis ends; but the ramifications parting off on each
* This elegant appearance of the vifcera is loft when the worm is deprived of its proper
nourifhment. It then becomes entirely white.
fide
Mr. Kirsy’s Defériptions, &c. 317.
fide furround the ovary, behind which they unite again, and ter-
minate in a point at the tail. :
'The ovary itfelf is of an oblong form, and generally MEA at
the ends, In it are ufually two fpots which have a luminous
appearance. It contains three or four roundifh eggs *.
This fpecies affumes a variety of forms: when at reft it is
famiewhat ovate, but when in motion it becomes linear. |
The margin is white, and very tranfparent, affording an elegant
contraft to the interanea. At reft it is ufually crifped, and fre-
quently exhibits the appearance of many angular projections.
Thefe are fometimes reduced to four, of which two form a kind
of hunch, one on each fide, juft below the head, and two juft
above the tail, which gives the little animal a very fingular form.
At other times its contour is indented by jé finuofities.
fo contracted 2 ar Tt: nisu
When in motion it is ; ufually t between fix and rn lines in
length, i
Found amongft the Lemna gibba, in the Autémns in a “flow
ftream. 2
2. H. NIGRA.
H. depreffa nigra lincaris abdomine nigro.
Defeription, ‘This fpecies is entirely black, of a deep rich cou
like velvet, except that juft above the tail there i is operi à femi-
pellucid fpot of a whitifh caftt. Me TP
# Upon examining one of thefe eggs fub lente, I difeoyeted two black points upon it
exactly, fimilar to the eyes of the old one: whence perhaps it was a axé and this nie
cies viviparous.
+ The whole worm, when kept long in water in a glas, ins’ to incline to an afh
colour; occafioned perhaps by the want of its proper food,
: |I never
3
318 Mr. Kinav's Deferiptions of
I never could difcover that it had any eyes. When at reft it is
nearly circular, but when it moves it becomes linear; and then
the centre of the head is ufually protended into an obtufe angle.
Its motion (if I may fo exprefs myfelf) is beautifully {mooth and
uniform; and it is a very amufing fight to obferve thefe little crea-
tures, in a clear fhallow ftream, on a calm day, by myriads
fmoothly gliding over its bed.
At reft it is feldom above one line in length, but extends itfelf
to three when it moves.
Found in flow ftreams, I believe almoft the whole year, upon
aquatic plants.
3. H. CRENATA. Tab, 29.
H. fubdepreffa fubovata ftriata ftriis tranfverfis annularibus? mare
gine crenulato.
Defeription.—This fpecies is of a greenifh caft, fometimes in-
clining to ath-colour. It is tranfverfely ftriated with annular ftriz,
diim whence arife the crenatæ of its margin.
Its upper furface is fomewhat convex. Its interanea are very
vifible by means of its vitreous tranfparency; they appear like fo
many feparate granula. Its excrements I have fometimes feen
appended to the anus, its form. exactly refembling the interanea;
they appeared to adhere to.the worm, and to each other, by means
of a gelatinous tranfparent excretion, which hung in places in ob-
long guttulz. :
It has two eyes only, which are very much approximated:
Its motion is very fimilar to that of the larvæ of the geometræs.
and 1s performed by means of the adhefive property of the head
and the tail. The tail being fixed to the fides of the glaís, it ex- .
tends.
Three New Species of Hirudo, 319
tends its head to a point at the greateít diftapce from the tail
where it adheres; then bringing its tail into contact with its head,
it contracts itfelf into a hemiipheric form, and by this mean
moves very fait, |
It has alfo another action in which it refembles the larvæ of the
geometra, When difturbed, it fixes itíelf by its tail, and then,
raifing itfelf perpendicular to the plane of pofition, moves its head
from fide to fide, {upported merely by the expanded adhefive orb
of the tail.
I found this with the preceding, ones, but it feems a rarer
qe
Obfervaiton.—' The Hirudo a/ba and nigra, as alfo iid ridi of
Dr. Shaw, appear to me not rightly referred to this genus, as they
by no means agree with the Linnean definition. Corpus oblongum
ore caudaque in orbiculum expandendis Je promovens. The motion of
thefe three fpecies is uniform and equable, nor do they poffefs
that orbicular adhefive expanfion of the head and tail which con-
ftitutes the effential diftinétion of the genus Hirudo. Qu. Are
they fufficiently diftin& to conftitute a new genus?
ADDITIONAL NOTE,
By Dr. SHaw.
THE Hirudo nigra of Mr. Kirby I believe to be the Planaria
fufca of Pallas and Gmelin, Syft. Nat. p. 390.
The Hirudo alba of Mr. Kirby is probably the Planaria laëtea of
Gmelin, defcribed by Müller in the Zoologie Danica; and in the
Jt, Gothl, it is confidered by Linnaeus as a Hirudo 3
^
320 Additional Note by DR. SHAW.
The Hirudo crenata of Mr. Kirby fhould feem by his defcription
to be extremely near allied to the Hirudo geometra of Linn. and per-
haps may be the fame fpecies in a young ftate.
Mr. Kirby's obfervation relative to thefe animals forming a dií-
tin& genus from Hirudo is unqueftionably right, for in fact they
are real Planariæ ; and even the fpecies defcribed in the Linnean
Tranfaétions by the title of Hirudo viridis comes fo near to the
Planaria punétata, viridis, and Helluo, that it may be doubted whe-
ther it be really diftinct, or a variety.
TAF 29.
Exhibits the Hirudo crenata, in feveral different views, of its na-
icm E vun. two magnified,
2 0c XXE a
ii
ee ee éd fs ET
a cmt
( 321 )
XXXII. Additional Ob/fervations, m Fucus Hypogloffum, p. 30. By
T. T. Woodward, Ef. F. L. S.
Read "fune 4, 1793.
N the paper read before this Society, in which Fucus Hypoglofum
A is defcribed, it is mentioned that this fpecies was fo named by
the EIE ingenious Dr. Solander ; ; but that, his papers on the genus
being loft, n c on from him could be met with on
the fabje&. Since tar re thefe valuable manufcripts have
been recovered by the diligence of Mr. Dryander and Mr. T. F.
Foríter jun. and are. now fafely depofited in the library of Sir .
Jofeph Banks. |
It was not till after the fhect containing my account of this -
Fucus was gone to prefs, that I received information of this difco-
very; when Sir Jofeph Banks not only permitted me freely to
examine and make extracts from thefe papers, but. allowed me to
make fuch ufe of them. as might be neceffary to elucidate this or
any other of the Britifh Fuci. In confequence of this permiflion,
I now lay before the Society Dr. Solander's fpecific character and
obfervations; premifing, that being in doubt whether the plant
was dioecious. or not, the Doctor has defcribed it as two diftin&
fpecies, but remarking, that they were probably to be confidered
as male and female of the fame fpecies.
Vor. IL T t Fucus
322 Mr. WoopwarD's Additional Obfervations
Fucus Hypoglofum,
Caule alato ramofo, foliis planis lanceolatis acutis è coftà proliferis,.
fruétificationibus feriatis utrinque ad coftam difpofitis.
Habitat in oceano Anglicano Cornubienfi, et propè Infulam V ectis..
Ruber, fæpè fpithamæus, tener, membranaceus. Cofta frondes.
etiam tenerrimas percurrit uti in Fuco /ingulato Manufcripti, à quo.
differt folus longioribus acutis, et precipue fructificationibus mi-
nutiffimis, feriatim in lineas utrinque ad coftam difpofitis..
Fucus lingulatus,,
Caule alato ramofo, foliis planis lanceolatis obtufis à coftà prolife- |
ris, fru&ificationibus globofis folitariis coftalibus..
Habitat in oceano Anglicano: Cornubiam.alluente; et propé Ine
fulam. Veétis..
Ruber, parvus, tener, membranaceus, vix palmaris. Caulis feu.
cofta à radice per ramulos ultimaque folia existait € quà folia.
feu frondes teneriores excrefcunt.. |
Fru&tificationes etiam è cofta erumpunt.
An foemina Fuci hypogloffi Manufcripti ?
It is to be obferved, that the fpecific cliara&ers, as above given,.
differ only in the leaves being acute or obtufe, and in the fruc--
tification; and at the end of the note on F. /ingu/atus, Dr. Solander
expreffes his doubts whether this be not the female of F. Hypeglo/-.
Jum. tis probable that he afterwards confidered it abfolutely as.
fuch, as no fpecimen of F. Zzzu/atus is to be found in Sir Jofeph.
Banks's Herbarium, unlefs a {mall one on the fame paper with
Hire aim, but unnamed, be fuppofed to be what was originallÿ
: called:
LÀ
LÀ | on Fucus Hypoglofum. 323
called fo; which fróm the circumftances Fam induced to think it
was, and that the Doétor was afterwards fatisfied they were not
diftin&t. This fpecimen has unfortunately no fructification, which,
had it been prefent, would have cleared up all doubts, as the fpeci-
men of Hypoglofum has the fru&tification defcribed in the ipecific
. character. | Since my defcription was written, I have had occafion
to obferve, that the leaves of F. Hypoghfum vary extremely in
fhape; fome being almoft linear, whilft others are linear-lanceolate,
or lanceolate ; and in tome fpecimens they are to be feen approach-
ing to oval.
I have now reported this matter to the Society, and requeft they
will permit it to be printed in the prefent volume of their Traní-
aCions, that the public may be informed that tlie manufcripts of
Dr. Solander, which I had ftated to have been mifling, are now
is I am the more anxious to do, left, from the ge-
Weel cific character and defcription as
given by Dr. dani is je my-« own, it gae be fufpe&ed. that I
had made ufe of his notes, not only without acknowledgment, but
for my own purpofes declaring them to be loft, when they were
actually in exiftence. I am happy therefore in knowing, that,
however flattering this coincidence muft be to me, the teflimony
of. Mr. Dryander and Mr. Forfter will be amply. fufficient to ii ven
me from any charge of plagiarifm.
*
Additional Note to the Effay on the Stellated Lente pbs referred to
_ L. recolligens, at p. 58. By the fame.
X d
AT the time this Effay was written, the Hiftoire des Champi-
; gnons of Mr. Bulliard was not publifhed, nor was his pl. 471 extant,
Ttg -where
A
324. Additional Note, by the fame. 9
where this fpecies is excellently figured; MN reprefenting the
fmall and more common, and L the larger, and (with us) fcarcer
variety. The few and equal rays, and the depreffed feffile capitu-
um, convinced me inftantly, on infpeétion, that the Lycoperdon.
there figured could be no other than the recolligens; but had E
doubted, the obfervation, tom. 1, p. 161, where the author fpeaks. :
- of the hygrometric properties of his plant (to which the £L. /ed/atum
has no pretenfions), muft have carried abfolute conviction with it.
PL 238, of the fame author, I am now certain, reprefents the fame
fpecies, though the figures are not fo good. Thefe plants had not,
at the time of publifhing that plate, fallen much under Mr. Bul-
liard's obfervation, or he would not have attributed the returning of
the rays over the capitulum as exprefied fig. H. to decay through
. age, Which his fubfequent obfervations informed him was owing
to the hygrometric quality of the plant. This feems to be the
only ftellated Lycoperdon at prefent known in France, and therefore
it is not to be wondered at that he has confounded it with /fe/latum,
XXXIIL Ad.
ac
( 325 )
XXXII. Additional Remarks on the Wood Sandpiper, Tringa glareola,
By William Markwick, Efq. F. L.S.
Read Fune 4, 1793
HEN my defcription and figure of this bird were commu-
nicated to the Linnean Society, and. which they thought
proper to im ifh in the firft volume of their Tranfa@tions, I thought
i the authority of Mefirs. Pennant and Latham, a diftinét
fpecies, and a new w difcovery as a Britifh bird; but, having fince
been favoured by Mr. Latham with {fome letters on the fubjeét,
and alfo a dried fpecimen of the Tringa ccropus (a bird that I had
not feen before), I have little or no doubt that the Tringa glareola
is a mere variety of that bird; for, according to my recolleétion of
the bird, and on comparing the Tringa ocropus with my defcription
and figure, they appear to agree very nearly in fize and dimen-
fions, the principal difference confifting in the colour of the
plumage on fome parts, which may probably be occafione only
by difference of fex or age.
XXXIV. Bo-
( 326 )
f
i
XXXIV. Botanical Obfervations on the Flora Japonica. By Charles
Peter Thunb&g, Knight of the Order of Wafa, Profeffor of Botany and
Medicine in the Univerfity of Upfal, F. M, L. S.
Read Oct. 1, 1793.
NCRESCUNT quotannis Scientiz, emendantur quotidie et ad
faftigium fuum optatum fenfim fenfimque, plurium virorum
opera et ftudio junétis, feliciter properant. Deteguntur novz terre,
novæque naturæ gazæ innotefcunt, atque humano generi utiles eva-
dunt. Sic non parum aucta fuit, praeteritis et currentibus annis,
Scientia Botanica, nec pauca funt, qux in ufum et commoda mor-
talium indagarunt alacres peregrinatores.et Scientiz cultores inde-
fef. Poftquam et mihi, plurium poft annorum itinera reduci,
anno 1784, in Flora Japonica Plantas Niponiz defcriptas publici
juris facere contigiffet, illas ulteriori examini, et accuratiori fcrutinio
fubinde fubjeci atque plura in hifce emendanda inveni. Has a me
fa&tas obfervationes, ne Scientiæ amatoribus lateant diutius, Illuf-
tri Socictati, pro Hiftoria Naturali promovenda inftitute, deque illa
dudum bene meritz, devotiflime offero.
Orcuts radiata: bulbis indivifis, ne&arii alis amplioribus ciliatis,
Orchis fufannæ. Flor. Japon. p. 25.
LiMopoRuM falcatum: cornu filiformi longiffimo, foliis enfiformi-
canaliculatis falcatis.
Orcbis falcata. Flor. Japon. p. 26. :
Limopo-
— ——-.
— wf osos e
Profefor 'THuNBERG's Obfervations, &c. 327
LimoporuM monile: {capo tereti ftriato moniliformi-articulato
fimplici, foliis linearibus acutis.
Epidendrum monile. Flor. Japon. p. 30. _
Saponicd: Sekikokf et Fu Kan. Kempf. Am. exot.. fafc. v.
p. 864. tab, 865.
. Planta terreftris.
Vagine foliorum pluribus coftis notatæ:
.ErrpENDRUM xervefum: {capo angulato, foliis ovatis nervofis, la-
bello integro reflexo..
Ophrys nervofa. Flor. Japon. p. 27..
EPiDENDRUM //riatum: fcapo angulato glabro foliis enfiformibus
nervofis, petalis lanceolatis, labello oblongo plano.
Limodorum ftriatum. Flor.. Japon. p. 28..
ta e DER à ear {triato,. € Icon. Sel. tab. 2.
DRUM tereti levi, folus en abiormibus ftria-
eB, petalis pr labelio recurvo anor
Limodorum enfifolium. Flor. Japon. p. 29.
Limodorum.enfatum.. Kempf. Icon. Sel. tab.. 3.
Cornu huic nullum.. |
Ficus. ereéfa: foliis oblongis acutis glabris fubtus reticulatis, caule
decumbente ramis erectis, fructibus pedunculatis. |
Ficus ere&ta. Differt. Thunb. de Ficu, p. 9. Kempf. Icon.
Scb f 4.
Ficus pumila. £. Flor. Japon. p. 33.
Ficus fpulata: foliis oblique cordatis obtufis glabris, caule de-
cumbente fquamofo. E
Ficus ftipulata. Differt. Thunb. de Ficu, p. 8.
Tuis japonica: barbata, foliis enfiformibus falcatis brevioribus gla-
bris, fcapo compreffo multiftoro.
Iris fqualens. Flor. Japon. p. 33.
Faponice z
LH à
328 Profeffor THUNBERG' Obfervations
Faponied: Saga et Siaga. Kempf. Amoen. Exot. fafc. 5. p: 872.
Scapus compreffus, articulatus, ftriatus, glaber, erectus, pedalis.
Folia enfiformia, equitantia, falcata, nervofa, glabra, fcapo bre-
viora,
Spathe fub floribus foliis fimiles, obverfæ, fenfim breviores.
Flores axillares ex axillis fpatharum.
Corolle 1-petalæ, albæ, barbatæ.
Iris orsentalis : imberbis, foliis linearibus, fcapo fub-bifloro tereti
articulato, germinibus trigonis, corollis reticulatis.
lris fibirica. Flor. Japon. p. 33.
Scapus teres, ftriatus, glaber, articulatus, ren pedalis vel
ultra,
Folia radicalia, linearia, equitantia, nervofa, glabra, apice atte-
nuata, fcapum æquantia.
Spathæ foliis fimiles, fenfim breviores.
Flores circiter bini, fubterminales.
Corolla imberbis, fufco-reticulata. -
Iris fibirica: imberbis, foliis linearibus, fcapo fub-trifloro tereti, ger-
minibus trigonis.
Iris fibirica. Linn. Syft. Veg. xiv. p. 9r.
Faponice: Koots Tita. :
Scapi et folia bafi cæfpitofa.
Flores cærulei. -
Iris exfata: imberbis, foliis linearibus, fcapo fub-bifloro tereti ger-
minibus hexagonis.
dris graminea. Flor, Japon. p. 34.
Scapus teres, nec anceps.
` Germen hexagonum.
SACCHARUM japonicum: racemis fafciculatis, petalis ciliatis: exte= .
rioribus ariftatis. FE
7 ; Saccharum
ue
on the Flora Japonica. 329
Saccharum polyda&ylon. Flor. Japon. p. 42. exclufo fynonymo
Linnzi. |
Cencurus furpurafcens : racemo fpicato fimplici, flofculis circum-
vallatis ariftis longiffimis, culmo erecto.
Panicum hordeiforme y. Flor. Japon. p. 48.
Culmus erectus, bipedalis.
Folia culmo longiora.
Racemus fubfpicatus, laxus, fpithamæus, pedunculis longitudine
flofculorum diftiche patulis.
Arie purpurez, flofculo fexies longiores.
QUERIA #richotoma : floribus racemofis, caule trichotomo.
Rubia fpicis ternis. Flor. Japon. p. 357. N° 44. inter obícuras.
Viscum —— caule prolifero ramofo aphyllo: articulis tri-
ru dichotomi : articuli trigoni, oblongi, compreffi, vix ungui-
culares, fenfim minores, rugofi.
FAGARA borrida: folis pinnatis: pinnis ovatis crenatis, fpinis ra-
morum fpinofis.
Fagara foliolis inequilateris integris. Flor. Japon. p. 350. N° 3.
Faponenfibus : Sai katfi.
Rami flexuofi, erecti, cinereo-purpurafcentes, elongati, glabri,
fubfimplices.
Spine fparfæ, rigide, purpurafcentes, patentes, pollicares, ar-
mate Spinulis alternis, patentibus, minoribus.
Folia è gemmis plura, pinnata: Pinne oppofitz, fableffiles,
multijugæ, ovate, obtufæ, tenuiffime crenatæ, glabra, virides,
+ unguiculares.
Flores et fruëtus non vidi.
Vor. II. U u BoEMERIA
330 Profefor THUNBERG s Obférvations
BoEMERIA /picata: foliis oppofitis ovatis acutis ferratis glabris,
fpicis capillaribus interruptis.
Urtica fpicata. Flor. Japon. p. 69.
Urtica japonica. Linn. Supp. p. 418.
Acalypha japonica. Houtuyn Nat. Hift. P. 2. tab. 72.
Bormeria frutefcens: folis alternis oblongis cufpidatis fubtus
niveis.
Urtica frutefcens. Flor. Japon. p. 70. |
Frutex urticæ foliis et facie, floribus cryftallinis. Flor. Japon.
p. 367. N° 98. huc referendus.
CoxvoLvvuLus Nil: foliis trilobis cordatis, pedunculis unifloris.
Ipomea triloba. Flor. Japon. p. 86. -
Differt ab Ipomoea triloba corolla campanulata, floribus folitariis,
caule tereti, foliis pubefcentibus. T!
LONICERA fexuofa: floribus fubfeffilibus, baceis diftinétis,. folus:
ovatis integris glabris, caule flexuofo.
Lonicera nigra. Flor. Japon. p. 89.
Rami divaricati, flexuofo-erecti, teretes, villofi.
Folia oppofita, petiolata, ovata, margine reflexo integra, nervofa,
glabra, nervis parum villofa, pollicaria, fuperioribus mino-
ribus. | | 3
Fores axillares, breviter pedunculati pedunculis vix lineam
longis.
Baccæ diftinétæ, ovatæ, acuminatæ, nigræ.
LOBELIA radicans: foliis lanceolatis undulatis ferratis, caule de-
cumbente radicante.
Lobelia Erinus. Flor. Japon. p. 325.
Caulis herbaceus, decumbens, radicans, ramofus, filiformi-
angulatus, glaber.
Rami
|
on the Flora aponica. 331
Rami rariores, erecti.
Folia alterna, lanceolata, feffilia, decurrentia, undulata, fub-
dentata, patula, glabra, unguicularia.
Flores axillares, folitarii.
Pedunculi uniflori, folio duplo fere longiores.
LoseLtA campanuloides : folis fubpetiolatis lanceolato-oblongis den-
tatis, caulibus decumbentibus, pedunculis elongatis.
Lobelia erinoides. Flor. Japon. p. 326.
Caulis decumbens, fub-fimplex, elongatus, filiformis, ftriatus,
glaber, pedalis et ultra.
Folia alterna, fubfeffilia, lanceolata, acuta, obfolete ferrata,
glabra, patentia, fub-pollicaria.
Flores terminales in ramis elongatis.
WEIGELA € : foliis feffilibus ovato-lanceolatis.
ame: Sima utfugi et N Pos ene Kempf. Am. Exot.
fafc. v. p. 855.
Folia feffilia, lanceolato-ovata, pollicaria.
Petioli nulli.
W EIGELA coræenfis : foliis petiolatis obovatis. `
Japonice: Korei utfugi. Kempf .Am. Exot. fafc. v.—p. 855.
- Icon. Sele&. tab. 45.
Rami decuffati, glabri, cinerei, ereéto-patuli.
Folia petiolata, obovata, ferrata, acuminata, palmaria. _
Petioli amplexicaules, fub-pollicares.
BLaDuiA glabra: foliis oppofitis ferratis glabris, caule eredo.
Bladbia foliis ferratis glabris levibus. Flor. Japon. p. 350
Nt
Differt ab hac Bladhia japonica, foliis ternis ferratis glabris,
caule bafi decumbente.
Uu2 CELAs-
332 Profefor TuunsEerc's Obfervations
CzrAsTRUS fcandens: inermis ramis fcandentibus punctatis, foliis
ovatis ferratis. -
Celaffrus punétatus. Flor. Japon. p. 97.
CELASTRUS dilatatus : foliis obovatis cufpidatis apice ferratis glabris,
caule inermi.
Evonymoides baccis parvis. Flor. Japon. p. 354. N° 26.
Viris flexuofa: folis cordatis dentatis, fubtus villofis, caule flex-
uofo, paniculis elongatis.
Vins indica. Flor. Japon. p. 103. -
Petioli filiformes, unguiculares.
Panicule abíque cirrhis.
VisunNUM phcatum : foliis ovatis obtufis dentato-ferratis plicatis.
Viburnum dentatum. Flor. Japon. p. 122.
Flores radiati, — TC —
Folia magis rotunda, et dentes teneriores quam in V. dentato,
CoMMELINA japonica: folis ovato-lanceolatis undulatis, caule
erecto angulato pilofo, floribus paniculatis.
Caulis fulcatus, erectus, pilofus, apice paniculatus, pedalis.
Folia alterna, vaginantia, oblonga, acuta, undulata, glabra, in-
feriora digitalia, fuperiora pollicaria,
Flores in ramis paniculatis racemofi.
LirivuM cordifolium: foliis cordatis.
Hemerocallis cordata. Flor. Japon. p. 143.
Faponice: Sjire, rectius Sjiroi et Osjiroi. Kæmpf. Ameen. Exot.
fafc. v. p. 870. Icon. Select. tab. 46.
Litium /heciofum : folis fparfis ovato-oblongis, floribus reflexis,
corollis revolutis, caule ramofo.
Lilium fuperbum. Flor. Japon. p. 134.
Faponice: Kafbiako, vulgo Konokko Juri, it: Corei Juri.
Kempf.
on the Flora aponica. 333
Kampf. Am. Exot. fafc. v. p. 871. Konokko Juri, Kempf.
Icon. Seleét. tab. 47.
Lirium /ancifolrum : foliis fparfis lanceolatis, corollis ere&is fubcam-
panulatis.
Lilium bulbiferum. Flor. Japon. p. 134.
Caulis angulatus, hirfutus, erectus, fimplex, pedalis et ultra.
Folia alterna, feffilia, lanceolata, glabra, digitalia, fuperiora
fenfim breviora.
Corolle parvæ, unguiculares, alba.
Axille foliorum fuperiorum bulbiferæ,
LiciuM /ongiflorum: foliis fparfis lanceolatis, corollis tubulato-cam-
panulatis, caule glabro.
Lilium candidum. Flor. Japon. p. 133.
3 Faponice: Sjire, Sjiroi, Osjiroi et Siro Juri.
Crepirs | postés inia
Flore? Junio.
Caulis teres, nodulofus, glaber, inanis, erectus, bipedalis.
Folia fparfa, feffilia, lanceolata, integra, glabra, trinervia, bafi
adpreffa, apice recurva, fefquipollicaria.
Corolle albe, tubulato-campanulatz, palmares, erectz.
Differt a Lilio candido : 1. foliis bafi latioribus, apice acutioribus;
: ftrictioribus, reflexis, non undatis.
| | 2. corolla triplo longiori, cylindrica.
Lilio bulbifero: 1. corolla maxima, alba.
2. caule levi, tereti. —
LinivM bulbiferum: folis fparfis lanceolatis, corollis campanulatis
erectis, caule villofo.
_ Lilium philadelphicum. Flor. Japon. p. 135.
"Caulis fimplex, erectus, glaber, pedalis.
Folia-
334 Profefor "UTnu NBERG's Obfervations
Folia inferiora fparfa, fuperiora terna et fubquaterna, feffilia, bafi.
lata, lanceolata, integra, glabra, nervofa, ereéto-fubimbricata,
fefquipollicaria.
Corolla terminalis, erecta, petalis lanceolatis erectis.
Differt a Lilio philadeiphico: 1. foliis bafi latioribus.
2. corollis non revolutis.
Lilium maculatum: folis fparfis et verticillatis lanceolatis glabris;
corollis campanulatis intus maculatis: limbo reflexo.
Lilium canadenfe. Flor. Japon. p. 135.
Caulis teres, ftriatus, glaber, fimplex, inanis, pedalis, fuperne
fubumbellatus.
Fola fparfa et verticillata, feffilia, lanceolata, Sabre. multi-
nervofa, erecta, digitalia,
Flores fubumbellati, E
- Pedunculi digitales, ere&i. - ————
Corolla campanulata limbo PA incarnata intus maculis pur-
pureis plurimis adfperfa.._ |
Differt a Lilio canadenfe : foliis bafi latis et corollis minus revo-
lutis.
ArrrRis farinofa: erecta folus linearibus falcatis glabris, flori-
bus {picatis. |
Hypoxis fpicata. Flor. Japon. p. 136.
ScILLA orientalis: floribus erectis racemofis, foliis elliptico-enfi-
formibu. |...
Scilla bifolia. Flor. Japon. p. 158.
Fola radicalia plura, inferne attenuata, Sa à co glabra,
fpithamæa.
= Scapus erectus, glaber, bipedalis, fquamis alternis fpathaceis
Flores racemofi.
2 - HEME-
on the Flora Japonica. 335
HEMEROC ALLIS /ancifolia: foliis lanceolatis feptemnerviis.
Hemerocallis japonica. Flor; Japon. p. 142.
HEMEROCALLIS japonica: foliis ovatis undulatis multinerviis.
Hemerocallis japonica. Kempf. Icon. Select. tab. xr.
Folia radicalia, petiolata, ovata, acuminata, undulata, multi-
nervia, tranfverfim tenuiflime venofa, glabra, palmaria.
Petioli alati, membranacei, palmares vel paulo ultra. `
Flores ut in Hem. japonica, $
TETRAGONIA expanfa: foliis fübcordatis ovatis punétatis, floribus.
axillaribus folitariis.
Tetragonia japonica. Flor. Japon. p. 208..
TERNSTROEMIA japonica: folüs acuminatis excifis.
Cleyera japonica. Flor. Japon. p. 224.
flexuofo: |
Caulis teres, a foliis decurrentibus fubangulatus, flexuofus, gla-
ber, erectus, bipedalis..
Folia alterna, petiolata, oblique cordata, ovata, cufpidata, du-
plicato-ferrata, villofa, patula, bipollicaria.
Flores in ramis terminales, lutei.
ipidatis, caule.
s
Concuonus ferratus: foliis oblongis ferratis cufpidatis, ramis
glabris. !
Caulis erectus, glaber, ramofus.
Rami teretes, purpurei, glabri, erecti.
Folia alterna, petiolata, oblonga, ferrata ferraturis magnis apice
fetaceis, cufpidata, fupra tenuiffime villofo-fcabra, fubtus
glabra, bipollicaria, patula.
ConcHonRus /candens : foliis ovatis fetaceo-ferratis oppofitis, caule.
ramifque flexuofo-fcandentibus.
-
Caulis
336 Profefor THUNBERG’s Obfervations
Caulis- teres, {candens, ramofus.
Rami oppofiti, fimiles, divaricati.
Folia oppofita, breviffime petiolata, bafi rotundata, ovata, acus
minata, ferrata ferraturis fetigeris, pollicaria.
Files in ramulis terminalis, folitarius, flavus.
Mimosa. /peciofa: inermis folis bipinnatis: pinnis oblongis glabris,
glandula fupra coftæ bafin. Linn. Syf. KIV. p. O15.
‘Mimofa arborea. Flor. Japon. p. 229. Kempf. Icon. Select.
tab. 19.
Legumina compreffa, glabra, juniora villofa.
BeEGoNIA grandi: foliis mæqualiter ferratis glabris, caule angulato.
Begonia obliqua. Flor. PUn. p. Ag EURE Icon. LE
. tab. 20. :
Begonia grandis. — Act. Soc. Linn. Lond. vol. i,
p. 163. 3
Macno xia obovata: foliis obovatis fubtus parallelo-nervofis reti-
culatis.
Magnolia glauca. Flor. Japon. p. 236.
Faponice: Mokkwurèn. Kempf. Am. Exot. fafc. v. p. 845. Icon.
Sele&t. tab. 43 et 44. it. Fo no ki.
- Folia obovato-oblonga, integra, glabra; fubtus parallelo-nervofa
et tenuiflime reticulata nervis villofis, palmaria ufque pedalia.
MAGNOLIA £omentofa : folus-ellipticis fubtus tomentofis.
Magnolia glauca, Flor. Japon. p. 236.
Faponice: Mitímata; item Kobus. Kempf. Icon. Sel. tab. 42.
Folia elliptico-lanceolata, acuta, petiolata, integra, fupra glabra,
fubtus fericeo-tomentofa, palmaria.
pedis breves, reflexi, fulcati, craffi, tomentofi. |
CLEMATIS
af
on the Flora Japonica, i 337
CLEMATIS paniculata: foliis dilige vante foliolis cordatis ova-
tis integris. <="
Clematis apa Flor. FE pP. 239.
Jfaponice : Ikalifo.
- Caulis flexuofus, fcandens, ftriatus, glaber. `
Rami alterni.
Folia petiolata, pinnato-quinata : foliola petiolata, cordata, ova-
ta, acuta, indivifa, integra, glabra, inferiora majora, fuperiora
minora.
Petioli flexuofi.
Flores axillares, albi.
Pedunculi triternato-paniculati, filiformes.
ES
Grew ere trifoliata: folis oppofitis ternatis glabris: foliolis ovatis
repando-dentatis, caule {candente.
*"THALICTRUM japonicum: feminibus Rib foliis eripinsiatis: pin-
. nulis incifis ferratis.
Didynamifia Salviæ fimilis. Flor. Japon. p. 364 N° 74.
RanunouLus japonicus: foliis incifo-ternatis:: lobis. incifis dentatis,
cauleque hirfuto.
Ranunculus afiaticus. Flor. Japon. p. 241.
Folia radicalia rotundata, fuprema fiffa, laciniis lanceolatis, om-
nia trifida laciniis iterum incifis, dentata, acuta, utrinque hir-
futa. '
Peiioli pollicares ufque pedales, hirfuti. |
Caules ftriati, hirfuti, vix foliofi, flexuofi, apice ramofi in pe-
dunculos.
Arum ringens: acaule foliis ternatis, fpatha galeata receptaculo lon-
giore.
"Nor. HL : X Arum
338 Profefor 'T Hu NBERG's Olfervations
Arum triphyllum. . Flor. Japon. p. 233.
Folia ternata, omnino ut in aro triphyllo; fed cufpidata.
Spatha galeata, ringens, cufpidata, fpadice feu receptaculo lon-
gior, glabra, purpurafcens, digitalis.
Receptaculum bafi craffum, inde teres, incurvatum, album.
Arum ferratum: acaule foliis radicatis ternato-pinnatis + foliolis
ferratis, receptaculo fpatha breviore.
Folia vaginantia, radicalia, bina, ternata: foliolum intermedium
folitarium, petiolatum ; lateralia pedato-pinnata; omnia ob-
longa, acuminata, ferrata, glabra.
Spatha receptaculo clavato duplo fere longior, acuminata.
MELITTIs japonica; foliis alternis ovatis obtufis inzqualiter ee
calyce villofo,
Melittis meliffophyllum. Eon: Japon. p: 248.
Caulis ere€tus, villofus, fimplex, fpithamzus.
Filia alterna, petiolata, ovata, obtufa, inæqualiter et duplicato:
ferrata, villofa, patula, digitalia. `
Petioli unguiculares..
Flores pedunculati, in axillis foliorum folitari..
Pedunculus hirtus, pollicaris:
Calyces ftrigofo-hirfuti, cernui.
. Ocymum /caërum - racemis fimplicibus erectis, foliis: ovatis.fubtus:
punétatis.. :
Ocymum punctatum. Flor. Japon. p. 249:
Jusricia crinita: pedunculo- axillari folitario: fubquadñfloro;
bracteis oblongis ciliatis...
Diantbera japonica. Flor. Japon. p: 2m.
Justicta lancea | floribus: verticillato-aggrecatis, folis integris lén-
ceolatis.
Radix:
on the Flora Faponica. 339
. Radix fibrofa, annua.
"Caulis herbaceus, erectus, tetragonus, uti tota planta tenu-
iffime pubefcens, ramofus, fubpedalis.
- Rami in inferiori parte fimiles, fimplices, patuli, breves.
¿Fola petiolata, inferiora ovato-oblonga, fuperiora lanceolata,
acutiufcula, integra, patula, pollicaria et ultra. 1
Petioli breviffimi, amplexicaules.
Flores in axillis verticillati, fubfeffiles, femper plures aggregati.
Braéiee et calyces apice piliferæ.
CARDAMINE /cuiata: foliis ternatis fcutatis crifpis, caule fubnudo.
Cardamine trifolia, Flor. Japon. p. 260.
JunIPERUS bermudiana: :
Funiperus barbadenfis. Flor. Japon. p. ét
JusiPERUA cariadeués: folis omnibus
junioribus ovatis; fenioribus acutis. -
Funiperus virginica. Flor. Japon. p. 264.
DoricHos umbellatus: volubilis leguminibus fubcylindricis re&tis
glabris.
Dolichos unguiculatus. Flor. Japon. p. 279.
- Caulis volubilis, ftriatus, villofus.
Folia petiolata, ternata: foliola ovata, acuminata, integra, vil-
lofa; laterala brevius, terminale longius petiolata, palma-
ria.
Flores fabumbellato-racemofi, pedunculis petiolis longiores, flex-
uofi, palmares.
Legumina cylindrica, re&a, glabra, pollicaria et ultra.
Donicuos Airfutus: volubilis leguminibus compreflis hirfutis, fo-
— liolis exterioribus bilobis.
Faponice: Kudfu; it. Kadfune. Kempf. Icon. Sele&t. tab. 41.
LT Caufis
340 Profefor 'Y nuxsERG's Obfervations
Caulis volubilis tomentofus. |
Folia petiolata, ternata: foliola lateralia breviflime petiolata,.
biloba, fubrotunda lobis mucronatis, fubtus pallida, reticu--
lata, utrinque tenuiffime villofa, palmaria,. intermedium pe-
tiolatum, indivifum, majus. Perolus communis fpithamzus,.
intermedii folioli pollicaris.
Flores racemofi, plurimi, purpurei. *
Racemus fenfim florens, fpithamzus vel ultra.
Pedunculi tomentofi, unguiculares,
Legumina linearia, compreffa, hirfuta villo longo flavefcente;.
cufpidata ftylo curvo perfiftente, digitalia.
Differt a D: uncinato :. foliis lobatis, caule tomentofo, legumini--
bus compreffis.
Doricnuos culiratus : "S leguminibus cultratis dorfo- carinatis, caule:
fexuofo.
Dolichos enfiformis.. Flor. Japon. p.. 279. Kzempf. . Icon. Sel..
tab.. 25.
GLYCINE javanica : foliis ternatis, caule villofo, petiolis hirtis, brac=-
teis lanceolatis minutis.
Glycine javanica. Linn. Syft.. ha: xiv. p. 659.
aponice : : Fajo Mame.
Crefcit propè Nagafaki.
- Floret Septembri, Octobri.
Picris fexuofa: perianthüs hifpidis, foliis dentatis cordato-am--
plexicaulibus, caule fulcato hifpido.
Caulis fulcato-angulatus, flexuofus,. fetaceo-hifpidus, fuperne
ramofus, erectiufculus, vix pedalis.
Folia alterna, omnia feffili-amplexicaulia, fubcordata, oblonga.
villofo-fcabra, inferiora digitdltl. dm d fenfim mi-.
fora,
*
Ehres |
""-— Jn
* oni
on the Flora Japonica. | 34r
Flores in ramis terminales, folitari.
Pedunculi feu rami alterni, fimplices, hifpidi. :
Calyx duplex, hifpidus, inferior reflexus,
Corolle luteze, pappo albo plumofo.
Poryropium enfatum: fronde elliptico-enfiform™, gs integra;.
— fru&ificationibus fparfis.
Polypodium phyllitis. Flor. Japon. p. 335.
Frons eliptico-enfiformis, acuminata, integra, erecta, glabra,.
fpithamæa ufque pedalis.
Fruëtificationis puncta fparfa, folitaria. juxta: coftam mediam.
in apice, duo vel plura inter nervos in medio, orbiculata.
PorvropiuM /ophoroides: frondibus pinnatis: pinnis enfiformibus.
—— ferr aturis femiovatis nervofis, infima ferratura
Polypodium ‘unitum. Flor Japon. p. 336.
Frons pedalis vel ultra, pinnata, glabra: Pinne lanceolatz,.
acute, incifo-ferratæ ; ferraturæ ovate, parallelo-nervofz,.
mucronate, fæpe a marginibus revolutis fubfalcate; fer
ratura infima in bafi a latere fuperiori longior. Pinna ter-
minalis fimplex, incifo-ferrata. —PuzZz fructificantia juxta.
margines incifurarum.
Differt a P. unito, cui valde fimilis: pinnula vel ferratura bafeos.
pinnarum a latere fuperiori longiori..
Dicxsonia /rigofa: frondibus. bipinnatis : pinnulis rhombeis pi--
lofis ferratis, fruétificationibus folitaris..
Trichomanes ftrigofum. Flor. Japon. p. 339.
CAENOPTERIS japonica: frondibus. fupradecompofitis:: pinnulis.
incifo-trifidis acutis.
Trichomanes. japonicum.. Flor. Japon. p. 340.
La : Aspire
342 Profefor THUNBERG’ s Odfervations, &c.
ASPLENIUM incifum: frondibus pinnatis: pinnis fubrotundi incifis
ferratis. - mr |
Afplenium trichomanes. Flor. Japon. p. 334.
Frondes è radice plures, ereétiufculi vel diffufi, pinnati, glabri,
digitales et «tra. Pizse fubfefliles, alternz, fubrotundæ,
dentato-ferratæ ; inferiores incifæ, fubtrilobæ ; femiunguicu-
lares, fupremi minores.
XXXV. De-
—— a-
(_ 343 )
XXXV. Deftription of Sagina ceraftordes, a new Britifo Plant difco-
vered im Scotland by Mr. Fames Dickfon, F. L. S. By the
Profit,
. Read Nov, 5, 1793
SAGINA CERASTOIDES.
„caule difufo dic joma f i5 f, giulaiis gi obovatifve recurvis, pedunculis
wem ; o D 2
fruëli vferis- reflexis. " : —
Habitat in arenofis maritimis et fiffuris rapium, in Bodotriz infulis.
Junio, Julio. o ?
Herba facie; Ceraftii, fed. floribus femper quadrifidis..
Radix fibrofa, annua ut videtur. .
Caules. plurimi,. diffufi, fpithamei, teretes, foliofi; bafi attenuati,
glabriufculi, alternatim. ramofi; fuperné magis pubefcentes,
dichotomi, geniculis tumidiufculis, pallidis, ramulis diva-
ricatis..
-Felia- óppofita, patenti-recurva, integerrima, acuta, mollia,
utrinque pubefcentia; fubtus pallidiora atque nitidiora, ve-
nulis- reétis, longitudinalibus ; inferiora fpatulata, longiüs
petiolata; fuperiora obovata, feffilia ;. fumma ovata, Sripule
nulle. .
Flores
344 | De. Suirrü's Defcription
Flores <è dichotomià caulis, folitarii, primo fubfefliles, ftatim pe-
‘dunculati; pedunculis stram. filiformibus, puueicntibis 5,
fructiferis reflexis. =
Calyx è foliolis quatuor, parum patentibus, lanceolatis, acutis,
concavis, bafi obtusé carinatis, extüs pubefcentibus, intüs
Jucidis; quorum duo oppofita anguftiora - dunt, faninegar
membranacea,
Petala quatuor, calyce ferè duplo breviora, cuneiformia, alba, tenu-
iffima, apice bifida, lobis acutis, rectis.
-Stamina quatuor, æqualia, petalis alternantia parumque breviora.
Filamenta capilaria, alba. Anthere parve, fubrotundæ, lu-
teolæ.
Piflillum. Germen — longitudine ftaminum, palhdé Xi-
Tefcens, glabrum. Sy% quatuor, breviflimi, ere&ti. Stig-
mata recurva, villofa, alba.
Capfula cylindrica, longitudine calycis, aureo nitens, apice de-
hifcens denticulis octo, triangularibus, obtufiffimis.
Semina numerofa, luteo-fufca, fubcuneiformia, depreffa, bafi emat-
ginata, margine fcabriufcula.
THIS plant was firft difcovered by Mr. Dickfon on the
rocky and fandy fhores of Inch-Keith and Inch-Combe in the
Firth of Forth, as well:as on the beach below Preftonpans.
Its habit is altogether that. of a. Ceraffium, mot nearly retembling
4C. femidecandrum, pentandrum and vulgatum, Bug ats flowers being
4 | conitantly
hte a
ge
ne aran à
of Sagina ceraffoides. | E |
eonftantly quadrifid, oblige us to refer it to the genus of
Sagina, with which they exactly agree; more efpecially as the
genera in this natural order are fcarcely to be difcriminated with-
out taking into confideration the comparative number of the parts
of fruétification.
'The flowers are fcarcely to be found expanded except in a
funny afternoon. | E
Yy XXXVI. An
Vor. II.
( 346 )
XXXVI. Zn Account of two new Genera of Plants from New South
Wales, prefented to the Linnean Society by Mr. Ti bomas Hoy, F. L. S.
and Mr. John Fairbairn, F. L. S. By the Prefident.
Read Nov. 5, 1793.
: GOODENIA.
EUM
Pentandria Monogynia. Fi. menepetab, fuperi.
Cuar. Gen. Caff. bilocularis, bivalvis, polyfperma ; diffepimento
parallelo. Semina imbricata.
Corolla fupra longitudinaliter fiffa, genitalia exferens; limbo
quinquefido, fecundo.
Anthere lineares, imberbes.
Stigma urceolatum, ciliatum.
HIS genus belongs to the order of Campanulacee of M. de
: Juffieu, the firft fection, Antheris diftinétis, and ought to be
there inferted between Cyphra and Scevola, and in the Linnean
Syftem between the latter and Cinchona.
It differs effentially from Scavo/a in its fruit, from Chris à in its
corolla, and from Loëbclia in its ftamina.
I have given to this new and moft diftinét genus the name of
Goodenia, in honour of my worthy friend the Rev. Dr. Goodenough,
treafurer of this Society, of whofe botanical merits it would be
ex : | fuper-
gsm rage
rais cttm
Dr. SurTH's Account, &c. 347
fuperfluous to fay any thing in a volume which contains his Dif-
fertation on the Britifh fpecies of Carex In the conftruétion
of this name T have followed the example of Yournefort, who
formed Guzdelia from Gundelfcheimer, a word (like Goodenough)
too long to be retained entire in: a generic name:
I am poffeffed of eight very diftinét fpecies of this genus, of
which I fhall give the fpecific characters, more particularly de-
{cribing the firft, for which we are obliged to Mr. Hoy, who has
it alive in Sion Gardens.
4
IY. GOODENIA ovata..
iique. glabris, íru&u lineari.
“+. Doré Wem
à EE y
Oval joe Godna: : 3
Stem fhrubby, erect, angular, Ératiched, leafy.
Leaves alternate, on footftalks, without ftipulæ, ovate, varying- a
little in breadth, acute, ferrated with fine, fharp, fpreading,
rather unequal teeth, of a bright green, veiny, fmooth on both
fides, paler beneath. Focffalks channelled above, with a tuft
of down in their axillz.
Flowers yellow, from 3 to 5 in a dicliotomous panicle, arifing foli-
tary from.each axilla of the uppermoft leaves, and above half
as long as the correfponding leaf. Footfalks fomewhat angu-
lar, fmooth, with 2 fubulate braéteæ at each fubdivifion.
Calyx of 5 equal, fubulate, erect, fmooth leaves, permanent.
Corolla tubular, the tue cloven on the upper fide from top to
bottom, fmooth, greenifh and ftriated externally. Limb in
5 equal, obovate fegments, all directed forwards, yellow, mem-
T3 branous,
348 Dr. SMITH’s Account of
branous, with a thick greenifh plait running from the tube to
the point of each behind.
Stamina 5, fhorter than the tube, and projecting through its fiffure.
Filaments inferted into the receptacle, equal, perfeétly diftin&.
Anthere nearly linear, vertical, two-celled.
Pifillum. Germen inferior, long, flender, fmooth, with 5 angles.
Style fimple, fomewhat longer than the ftamina and ftanding
out with them, fmooth. Sema large, cup-fhaped, bent down
towards the ftamina, finely ciliated on the margin.
Capfule oblong, crowned with the calyx, two-celled, and of two
valves, which burft at the top, and then become revolute, the
partition, which is parallel to them, remaining erect. Seeds,
feveral in each cell, es lenticular, roughith, encircled
with a groove.
"This plant was — to the Society by Mr. Hoy in flower
December 4, 1792. |
A figure of it exifts among the hitherto unpublifhed plates of
Sir Jofeph Banks.
2. G. albida.
G. foliis obovatis dentatis corollifque glabris, ftylo cauleque pilofo.
White-flowered Goodenta.
For fpecimens of this and all the following, except G. paniculata,
I am obliged to John White, Efq. furgeon at Port Jackfon, who
gathered them wild in that country.
3 G. paniculata.
G. foliis obovato-lanceolatis dentatis corollifque pilofis, caule nu.
diufculo paniculato.
Panicled yellow Goodenia. : =
Soirée at Port Jackfon id Mr, David Burton” H. Bank.
" : 4. G. bel-
"d > u
tn,
iwo new Genera of Plants from New South Wales. 349
ade: Ge bellidifolia;
G. foliis obovatis denticulatis carnofis, caule nudiuículo fpicato,
corolla extus hirfuta, fructu quadrivalvi,
Daify-leaved yellow Goodenia. -
$. G. fria;
G. foliis lanceolatis integris dentatifve carnofis glabris, corolla extus
hirfuta, ftigmate ore contracto.
Rigid blue Goodenia.
. This grows naturally in marfhy ground, flowering in O&obér,
6. G, ramofiffima.
G. folii TG bdentatis cauleque ipid tylo
olla extus pilofa, — it
«
apice hirfutiffim TON
Branching blue Goodenia.
Flowers in Oétober.
7. G. heterophylla.
G. foliis integris dentatis lobatifve pilofis, fruétu fubrotundo, co-
: i nudiufcula.
Various-leaved Goodenia.
8. G: hederacea,
G. folis fubrotundis integris quinquelobifve, corolla extus lanata,
caule proftrato, |
Trailing Goodenia.
Of the colour of the flowers in this fpecies and the preceding I
have no means of judging. .
: Tes PLATY-
6
350 Dr. SmirH’s Account of
PLATYLOBIUM.
Diadelphia Decandria. Stamina omnia connexa.
Cuar. Gen. Calyx campanulatus, quinquefidus, laciniis. duobus:
fupremis maximis, obtufis.
Filamenta omnia bafi connexa, latere fuperiori diftinéta.
Legumen pedicellatum, compreffum, dorfo € polyfper-
mum.
THIS genus belongs to the sth fection of M. de Juffieu’s order:
of esc. ind may be GARE near Crotalaria in, à the Lin-
nean Wiens cose å
Its name I have deduced from æAarus broad, and Acbos a pod:
The two large fegments of the calyx, and the flat upper
margin of the pod, abundantly “pags ice it from all other -
genera.
We are hitherto acquainted. with only one certain fpecies of this
genus, feeds and fpecimens of which have been. fent from New
South Wales, and which may juftly be called `
PLATYLOBIUM formwofium
Orange Jlat-pea.
Stem fhrubby, four feet high. Branches oppone, round, FA
ih, covered with leaves, and. ornamented with numerous
flowers. p
Leaves
, swo new Genera of Plants from New South Wales. 351
Leaves oppofite, on very fhort hairy footftalks, cordato-ovate,
entire, revolute; acute, with à minute fpine at the end, very
veiny, rigid, "of a beautiful green, glaucoüs beneath. Szi-
pulæ in pairs lanceolate, brown, membranous, ftriated,
- "fmooth.
Flowers folitary, from the axillæ of the uppermoft leaves, op-
pofite, on fhort hairy footítalks. Braéfee feveral at the bafe
of the footftalk, ovate, concave, and hairy, and two at
. the top, immediately under the flower, which are fomewhat
longer. *
Calyx very hairy, campanulate, permanent, with 5 teeth; the
3 lowermoft of which are acute and fpreading, the 2 up-
permoft very large, obovate, obtufe, clofe prefled to the
Corolla papilionaceous. Standard twice as long as the calyx, fpread-
ing, deeply emarginate, orange-coloured, ftriated almoft half
way to the edge, with beautifully radiant crimfon lines, from
a pale-yellow fpot at the bafe. Wings deep yellow, fhorter
than the ftandard, femi-obovate, with a blunt incurved tooth
on the upper fide at their bafe. Keel of 2 adhering petals,
obtufe, as long as the wings, whitifh tipped with a rich
crimfon, and furnifhed on each fide of the bafe with a tooth
embraced by the incurved teeth of the wings.
Siamina in one fet, feparated only on the upper fide, and cloven
nearly half their length into ten equal filaments, which
are curved upwards. Æntheræ 10, nearly orbicular, equal,
verfatile.
Pifillum. Germen linear, very hairy. Style incurved, fmooth.
Stigma fimple, fharp.
Pod
452 Dn. Smitn’s Account, &c. .
ao about an inch and a half long and. half as broad, on a fhort
footítalk, clothed with fcattered hairs, fomewhat (ícimetar-
fhaped, perfectly compreffed, obtufe, with a fmall point, of
one cell, and extended into a flat border along the upper edge,
confiderably beyond the infertion of the feeds. Seeds 7 or 8,
black, comprefied, each ftanding on a curved white pedicle.
'This fhrub blooms abundantly in its native country all the year
through. It has likewife flowered in feveral gardens in England,
Mr. Fairbairn prefented a living fpecimen to the Society laft
fummer.
A figure of this beautiful plant will foon be given in the work
I have undertaken on the botany of New Holland,
XXXVII Ex-
"C 353.9
XXXVII. Exrracts from the Minute Book of the Linnean Society.
June 1, HE Presipent read a letter from Aylmer Bourke
1790. Lambert, Efq. F. L. S. giving an account of An-
dromeda Daboecit and Saxifraga umbrofa growing wild in the weft of
Ireland; the latter on a hill called Crow Patrick, in the county of
Mayo, the former on feveral other mountains in that county.
vcn. ege corni cem NN CO e cM RM EE EE ML E ,
" ii. : ` CR a aa ee
-
*
Fan. 44 1791.—The Rev. Dr. Goodenough exhibited a fpecimen
of the Soland Goofe, Pelecanus Bafanus, recently fhot on the coatt
of Suffex.
July 5.—The Rev. Mr. Martyn communicated the following
extract of a letter from Mifs Anne Welch of Ardenham hill near
Aylefbury. re IM
* In the year 1788 I removed feveral plants from Hampftead to
“a garden I was then making near Aylefbury. The foil confifted
* of deep clay manured with pond mud, fand, and dung in fome
* parts; in others it was a compoft formed of the ruins of build-
“ ings, and lime-ftone, mixed with a mould produced from a
* variety of animal and vegetable fubftances. This compoft
** varied in depth, quality, and number of. materials.
Vor. II. Zz “ My
354 Extracts from the MINUTE Book
* My plants were firft placed in the clayey foil. Amongft
* them was the Hemerocallis fulva, I never was poffeffed of the
** flava, till it was produced by accident as follows, from the cul-
“ture of the only plant of the fulva that grew in my garden.
The fucceeding year I divided my Hemeracallis, and planted part
“ of it in a fhallow bed.of the compoft formed from the ruins,
** &c. taking care to move it with a large ball of earth at the
* roots, which fhot very freely, fo that I was able to take off
‘ another part of the plant,- and the fame fummer I placed that
“in the fame bed. When the laft plant flowered, I was agreeably
* furprifed with the fight of an Hemerocallis flava. Laft year I
.* had thefe plants varying in fize and colour, large and of a deep
“tawny hue; {mall and abfolutely yellow; and alfo of a base
“ tawny, and of a fize between the fulva and flava.” à
This communication. was accompanied. by fpecimens of, the
above-mentioned varieties. |
wer NEN Mp acm dr
Dec. 6.—The following mifcellaneous remarks from Mr. James
-Hoy (now F. L. 5.) were read.
** Juncus articulatus 8 Linn. Flo. Suec. 113, mentioned alfo in
« Lightf. Flo. Scot. 185, fuppofed by the former to be a viviparous:
* variety, and by the latter to be a difeafe occafioned by an infect
“ of the Coccus tribe, appears to be occafioned by the Chermes gra-
* minis. For many years palt I have noticed this appearance,
* but without any fatisfaétion till September laft, when among
: « feveral plants of that kind which came in my way in the courfe
* of a week, I picked up one upon which I found fome infeéts
s that appeared to be the /arve of a Chermes, as they were covered
over
of the Linnean Society. 355
* over with the downy cotton-like fubftance, which chara&erizes
* moft of that genus. Upon other fpecimens gathered about the
* fame time and kept in water the fame infects appeared in a
* day or two. At length fome of them having divefted them-
*€ felves of their exuviz, were found to agree with Linnzus's de-
* fcription of his Chermes graminis. This fpecies is faid by him
“to live on the ira flexuofa, on which I have not yet found it,
* though I fearched for it particularly when thefe infects were
*€ moft plentiful upon the above Juncus.
“There is no doubt therefore that the Chermes graminis lives upon
* the plant in queftion, and is the caufe of its producing thefe
leafy utricu/t inftead of ftalks and flowers. In the fame manner the
* Chermes abietis caufes the tubercles found on fome branches of the
* fpruce fir inftead of young fhoots and leaves; and as the trees
* upon which thefe tubercles are found are not, upon that ac-
ned varieties of the fpruce fir, fo the plants that have
* fome, or even the whole, of their ftalks and leaves contracted
** count, reckone
‘ into {hort bunches, ought not to be confidered as varieties of the
6 Funcus articulatus."
.** Mr. Lightfoot mentions in the Fra Scotica that he does not
«remember to have found the Agaricus deliciofus in Britains: It
* grows however plentifully in the fir plantations here, about the
* beginning of October, and will therefore it is hoped have a place
& in every future Flora Scotica*.””
"^ * Dr. Smith, P. L. S. found this Agaricus in Rivelftone wood near Edinburgh, 1782,
and on the Marchionefs of Rockingham's lawn at Hillingdon, Middlefex, under fome fir
trees, in OG. 1795. Mr. Hudfon mentions it as growing near Guildford.
LZ 2 v Tt
456 Extracts from the MiNUTE Boog
— —— 000 ——
** It is a general character of deer, that the females of every
* fpecies except the rein deer, are deftitute of horns. À fingular in-
* france to the contrary occurred herein September laft. A hind,
« the female of Cervus Elaphus, was fhot by the Duke of Gordon,
* which had one horn perfectly fimilar to that of a ftag three
* years old. It had never had a horn on the other fide of its
& head, for there the correfponding place was covered over by
“the fkin, and quite fmooth. It did not feem to have ever pro-
* duced a fawn, and upon diffection, the ovarium on the fame fide
“ with tbe born was found to be fcbirrous."
April 3, 1792. — Mr. Teefdale, F. L. S. prefented a wild fpe-
cimen of Eriophorum alpinum found in n Scotland, though not before
known to be a Britifh plant. == —
Nov. 6.—A wild fpecimen of Pyrola uniflora, found plentifully
in the fir woods near Brodie-houfe, in the county of er
Scotland, was fent by Mr. James Hoy, F. L. S.
cma Sam
The Prefident read part of a letter from Dr. Swartz, F. M. L. S.
dated Oct. 4, 1792, as follows.
“ I am forry for the fault in the characterifing of Canella alba
Des (Franf. of L. Soc. vol. i. p. 100). Notwithftanding num-
“ berlefs obfervations on the fruit, I found too late that I had
‘ been deceived. Indeed moft plants require repeated obferva-
* tions before they can be fully known. The germen has three
.* cells. It is true, however, that in the ripe fruit one cell only con-
“ tains feeds, the rudiments of the other two being rarely to be feen.”
Tan.
of the Linnean Society. 357
Fan. 8, 1793-—The Prefident prefented a fpecimen of Conval-
laria verticillata, a new Britifh plant, gathered in the Den Rechip,
a deep wooded gulley, from the hills in the Stormont, Perthfhire,
about four miles north-eaft of Dunkeld, by Arthur Bruce, Efq. Se-
cretary to the Nat. Hift. Society of Edinburgh.
Feb. 5.—The Rev. Mr. Hugh Davies, F. L. S. communicated
drawings of the Cancer Bufo, Herbft. t. 17. f. 95, and the Phalan-
gium grofipes, Linn. both caught on the fea coaft of Anglefea.
oA TEE Ps
May 7.—The Prefident prefented a fpecimen of Trifolium fuffo-
catum, found wild on the fands about Yarmouth, by Mr. Lilly
Wigg, A LS. |
FENIS.
Dr. GoopENovGH wifhes to alter fome erroneous paflages in
his paper, and to add the following note.
Page 133, line 9, for them, read them/elves.
Page 140, line 14, ftrike out the words /epius fub-diftichay
which was an error in tranfcribing.
In pages 137 and 169, Carex frrigofa fhould be defcribed /picis
recurvis inftead of pendults.
Page 155, line 7 from the bottom, read complete for accurate.
Page 157, line 13, a femicolon fhould be pee after the
word compofita.
— 780, line rr, the Ayphen is an error of the prefs.
ine ie. 13, auriculaté a an error of the pras for auriculg.
There are others of lefs easi which it 1s needlefs to
mention.
manne 0. 09 ue
Since my Obfervations have been printed, I have received from my
friend Mr. Daval, fpecimens of the Carex defcribed by Scheuchzer
P. 497, and figured t. rr. f. 9 and ro. quoted by Linnzus for
C. dioica. It feems a diftinét fpecies, and will be the fubjeét of
confideration when I come to treat of the foreign Carices. I have
alfo received from my friend the Rev. Mr. Williams of Eaton
near Shrewíbury, fpecimens of C. Airia, with fmooth vagine—I
would therefore wifh the words vaginis binc lanato-villofis to be omit-
ted in the fpecific defcription—and would beg leave to infert after .
the long defcription—Plañta in aquofis variat vaginis glabris,
ExeLANATION of the PLATES of Dr. Goopvenoucn’s Paper on
. GARICES.
PLATE I9.
ous braétea, which
iculæ, is by accident
Fic. I. Carex axilaris.—N. B. The long f
fubtends the lowermoft clufter of
omitted.
2. Carex divifa.—' The fmall figure Rear the fpike at
its firft appearance— The large one exhibits it in its
more advanced ftate—Underneath is the germen with
its gluma or {quama.
3. Carex teretiufcula.—' The {mall figure reprefents the fpike
at its early appearance—Underneath it is a tranfverfe
feétion of the culm, to fhew its roundifhnefs — The
larger figure fhews it in its more advanced ftate, when the
panicle feparates a little—The figure does not fufficiently
exprefs the fupra-decompofition of the fpike— Under-
neath is a capfule, placed fo as to fhew the gibbofity of
the exterior part. Les aii
PLATE 20.
4. Carex firigofa.— he fpikes reprefented as they appear
before the ripe feeds weigh down their extremities.
Underneath is the fruétification in its various ftages,
with the glumz or fquame.
5. Carex filiformis—Reprefented in a ftate of fruétification,
with the germen, ftamina and glumz underneath.
6. Carex fulva—In both its early and advanced ftage—Un-
derneath are the ftamina and germen with their glumz
—A ripe capfule is added, but the figure does not re-
prefent it fufficiently beaked.
PLATE 2I.
7. Carex extenfa.—Both figures are drawn from fpecimens in
their moft advanced ftate—Underneath is a ripe capfule,
with its gluma or fquama,
EXPLANATION, &c.
Fie. 8. Carex firiéla.—In the figure of the younger plant the
leaves, which grow clofe to. the culm and parallel to it,
are drawn open to fhew the reticulated filaments—Un-
derneath are the ftamina and germen with the fquamz.
9. Carex ca/pitofa.—Both fpecimens in a ftate of inflorefcence
. —Underneath are the ftamina and a capfule nearly ripe,
with their fquamæ.
PLATE 22.
10. Carex rigida—ln both its early and advanced ftage—
Underneath are the ftamina and germen with their
glumæ or {quamz—There is added a ripe capfule—It
is very feldom fo abtufe as is reprefented in the
figure here given.
MM
N. B. In p. 151, line 17, for oblonga fefiles aggregate
read oblongis feffilibus ageregatis.
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